Oral Mucosal Immunity and HIV/SIV Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.X. Lü ◽  
R.S. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Rectal Mucosa ◽  
Palatine Tonsils ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission through genital and rectal mucosa has led to intensive study of mucosal immune responses to HIV and to the development of a vaccine administered locally. However, HIV transmission through the oral mucosa is a rare event. The oral mucosa represents a physical barrier and contains immunological elements to prevent the invasion of pathogenic organisms. This particular defense differs between micro-compartments represented by the salivary glands, oral mucosa, and palatine tonsils. Secretory immunity of the salivary glands, unique features of cellular structure in the oral mucosa and palatine tonsils, the high rate of oral blood flow, and innate factors in saliva may all contribute to the resistance to HIV/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) oral mucosal infection. In the early stage of HIV infection, humoral and cellular immunity and innate immune functions in oral mucosa are maintained. However, these particular immune responses may all be impaired as a result of chronic HIV infection. A better understanding of oral mucosal immune mechanisms should lead to improved prevention of viral and bacterial infections, particularly in immunocompromised persons with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and to the development of a novel strategy for a mucosal AIDS vaccine, as well as vaccines to combat other oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases.

scholarly journals Interplay between Intrinsic and Innate Immunity during HIV Infection

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Bergantz ◽  
Frédéric Subra ◽  
Eric Deprez ◽  
Olivier Delelis ◽  
Clémence Richetta
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Restriction Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Immunity ◽  
First Line ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Interferon Stimulated Genes ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Restriction factors are antiviral components of intrinsic immunity which constitute a first line of defense by blocking different steps of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication cycle. In immune cells, HIV infection is also sensed by several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to type I interferon (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines production that upregulate antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Several studies suggest a link between these two types of immunity. Indeed, restriction factors, that are generally interferon-inducible, are able to modulate immune responses. This review highlights recent knowledge of the interplay between restriction factors and immunity inducing antiviral defenses. Counteraction of this intrinsic and innate immunity by HIV viral proteins will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Hariri ◽  
Matthew T. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Fundamental Shift

SUMMARY The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic emerged in the early 1980s with HIV infection as a highly lethal disease among men who have sex with men and among frequent recipients of blood product transfusions. Advances in the treatment of HIV infection have resulted in a fundamental shift in its epidemiology, to a potentially chronic and manageable condition. However, challenges in the prevention of this infection remain. In particular, increasing evidence suggests that transmission of drug-resistant virus is becoming more common and that the epidemic is having a profound impact on morbidity and mortality in ethnic and racial minority subgroups in the United States. New population-based data collection systems designed to describe trends in behaviors associated with HIV transmission and better methods for measuring the true incidence of transmission will better elucidate the characteristics of HIV infection in the United States and inform future public health policies.

Genetically identical primate modelling systems for HIV vaccines

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Kent ◽  
Ian M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Hiv Vaccines ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

There is an urgent need for a safe and effective vaccine to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Several HIV vaccine candidates have shown promise, but many concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of current vaccines remain. A major hindrance in HIV vaccine development is a poor understanding of precisely what functions HIV vaccines are required to perform in order to protect humans from HIV-1. Only higher primates (i.e. macaques, chimpanzees and humans) are susceptible to HIV-1 or the closely related virus ‘simian immunodeficiency virus’. These species are outbred and there are remarkable genetic differences in both the immune responses to vaccines and their susceptibility to infection. The development of genetically identical macaques would be a major step towards dissecting what immune responses are required to protect from HIV infection. For example, live attenuated HIV-1 vaccines are likely to be highly efficacious, but will induce disease in a substantial proportion of recipients. Defining why a live attenuated vaccine is effective should allow safer vaccines to be developed, retaining only the immunologic properties of an effective vaccine. The reduction in ‘background genetic noise’ obtained by studying genetically identical primates would provide concise answers to critical HIV vaccine issues, by studying a minimal number of animals. Such an approach could potentially be employed in other diseases where non-human primates are the only available model. Small studies can be performed where identical twins are generated by embryo bisection; however, larger studies where multiple immune parameters are simultaneously evaluated would be facilitated by cloning technology. Despite the technical difficulties to be overcome, the potential gains in human health from the development of genetically identical non-human primates are worthy of careful consideration.

scholarly journals Hyaluronic acid is a negative regulator of mucosal fibroblast-mediated enhancement of HIV infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanne H. Egedal ◽  
Guorui Xie ◽  
Thomas A. Packard ◽  
Anders Laustsen ◽  
Jason Neidleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Rectal Mucosa ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Negative Regulator

AbstractThe majority of HIV infections are established through the genital or rectal mucosa. Fibroblasts are abundant in these tissues, and although not susceptible to infection, can potently enhance HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major component of the extracellular matrix of fibroblasts, and its levels are influenced by the inflammatory state of the tissue. Since inflammation is known to facilitate HIV sexual transmission, we investigated the role of HA in genital mucosal fibroblast-mediated enhancement of HIV infection. Depletion of HA by CRISPR-Cas9 in primary foreskin fibroblasts augmented the ability of the fibroblasts to increase HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. This amplified enhancement required direct contact between the fibroblasts and CD4+ T cells, and could be attributed to both increased rates of trans-infection and the increased ability of HA-deficient fibroblasts to push CD4+ T cells into a state of higher permissivity to infection. This HIV-permissive state was characterized by differential expression of genes associated with regulation of cell metabolism and death. Our results suggest that conditions resulting in diminished cell-surface HA on fibroblasts, such as genital inflammation, can promote HIV transmission by conditioning CD4+ T cells toward a state more vulnerable to infection by HIV.

Guidelines for the prevention of HIV transmission in the podiatric medical practice

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 428-433
Author(s):  
R Cope
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Infection Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Practice Implementation ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the US has increased over the past decade. This increase has effected concern regarding the risks of HIV infection within the podiatric medical practice. Implementation of an effective infection control program for blood-borne pathogens within the podiatric medical practice can minimize such risks.

scholarly journals A controlled estimate of the risk of HIV infection in Ethiopian children with tuberculosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. BERGGREN PALME ◽  
B. GUDETTA ◽  
H. DEGEFU ◽  
L. MUHE ◽  
J. BRUCHFELD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crude Odds Ratio ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

To quantify the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children with tuberculosis (TB) a hospital-based, 1-year prospective, case-control study was performed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Children with TB were compared to a control group of children admitted for elective surgery. The control group was also compared to a recent census of the background population. The crude odds ratio for HIV infection was 8·6 (95% CI 2·2–73). After adjustment for possible confounders in a multivariate regression model, the odds ratio for HIV infection in children with TB was found to be 12·7 (95% CI 2·9–55). Of several independent determinants of TB assessed in the study, this association was the strongest. Until HIV transmission has reached its peak, an increasing burden of dual infection among Ethiopian children is to be expected.

Systemic immunosuppression by HIV infection influences HPV transcription and thus local immune responses in condyloma acuminatum

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 268-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Arany ◽  
S K Tyring
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Techniques ◽  
Oncogenic Hpv

Summary: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is considered to influence the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated diseases. It is not clear whether this occurs directly through molecular interactions between viral genes and/or indirectly through effects on the immune functions. In the present study we compared molecular characteristics of penile condylomas from immunocompetent and HIV-positive individuals. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR techniques we determined some characteristics of local immune responses and transcriptional activity of both viruses. Our findings revealed that HIV-seropositivity was accompanied by multiple HPV infection and a CD4-count-dependent appearance of oncogenic HPV-types. HIV infection also changed the patterns of HPV transcription favouring transcription of early genes such as E7. Apparently, HIV infection influences local immunity by altering HPV transcription and by systemic immunodeficiency.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptides from Amphibian Skin Potently Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Transfer of Virus from Dendritic Cells to T Cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (18) ◽  
pp. 11598-11606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. VanCompernolle ◽  
R. Jeffery Taylor ◽  
Kyra Oswald-Richter ◽  
Jiyang Jiang ◽  
Bryan E. Youree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Amphibian Skin ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Topical antimicrobicides hold great promise in reducing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Amphibian skin provides a rich source of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides including some that have antiviral activity. We tested 14 peptides derived from diverse amphibian species for the capacity to inhibit HIV infection. Three peptides (caerin 1.1, caerin 1.9, and maculatin 1.1) completely inhibited HIV infection of T cells within minutes of exposure to virus at concentrations that were not toxic to target cells. These peptides also suppressed infection by murine leukemia virus but not by reovirus, a structurally unrelated nonenveloped virus. Preincubation with peptides prevented viral fusion to target cells and disrupted the HIV envelope. Remarkably, these amphibian peptides also were highly effective in inhibiting the transfer of HIV by dendritic cells (DCs) to T cells, even when DCs were transiently exposed to peptides 8 h after virus capture. These data suggest that amphibian-derived peptides can access DC-sequestered HIV and destroy the virus before it can be transferred to T cells. Thus, amphibian-derived antimicrobial peptides show promise as topical inhibitors of mucosal HIV transmission and provide novel tools to understand the complex biology of HIV capture by DCs.

Women, contraception and HIV

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (25) ◽  
pp. 97-98
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Barrier Methods ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Transmission To Women

Sexual intercourse brings with it the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), which might include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many women involved in penetrative sex will use some form of contraception and while barrier methods offer some protection against HIV infection, other methods might increase the risk. This article looks at how different methods of contraception affect the risk of HIV transmission to women.

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