scholarly journals Meta-Research: Weak evidence of country- and institution-related status bias in the peer review of abstracts

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Wullum Nielsen ◽  
Christine Friis Baker ◽  
Emer Brady ◽  
Michael Bang Petersen ◽  
Jens Peter Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
High Status ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Mixed Regression ◽  
Status Signals ◽  
Effect Parameter

Research suggests that scientists based at prestigious institutions receive more credit for their work than scientists based at less prestigious institutions, as do scientists working in certain countries. We examined the extent to which country- and institution-related status signals drive such differences in scientific recognition. In a preregistered survey experiment, we asked 4,147 scientists from six disciplines (astronomy, cardiology materials science, political science, psychology and public health) to rate abstracts that varied on two factors: i) author country (high status vs lower status in science); ii) author institution (high status vs lower status university). We found only weak evidence of country- or institution-related status bias, and mixed regression models with discipline as random-effect parameter indicated that any plausible bias not detected by our study must be small in size.

The Structural Origins of Unearned Status: How Arbitrary Changes in Categories Affect Status Position and Market Impact

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 668-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Bowers ◽  
Matteo Prato
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Investor ◽  
High Status ◽  
Market Impact ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Status Signals ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Brokerage Firms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Status Position

Focusing on the categorical nature of many status orderings, we examine the relationship among status, actors’ quality, and market outcomes. As markets evolve, the number of categories that structure them can increase, creating opportunities for new actors to be bestowed status, or it can decrease, dethroning certain actors from their superior standing. In both cases, gains and losses of status may occur without changes in actors’ quality. Because audiences rely on status signals to infer the value of market actors, these exogenously generated status shifts can translate into changes in how audiences perceive actors, resulting in benefits for unearned status gains and costs for unearned status losses. We find support for our hypotheses in a sample of equity analysts at U.S. brokerage firms. Using data on the coveted Institutional Investor magazine All-Star award, we find that analysts whose status increases because of a category addition see corresponding increases in the stock market’s response to their earnings estimates, while those who lose status see corresponding reductions. Our results suggest that the greater weight accorded to high-status actors may be misguided if that status occurs for structural reasons such as category changes rather than because of an actor’s own quality.

scholarly journals Learning curve for the laparoscopy-guided kidney biopsy procedure in small corpses of dogs and pigs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257653
Author(s):  
Suellen Rodrigues Maia ◽  
Pamela Almerinda Mendes ◽  
Felipe Farias Pereira da Câmara Barros ◽  
Ilan Munhoz Ayer ◽  
Salvador Boccaletti Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Curve ◽  
Kidney Biopsy ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Swine Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Renal Biopsies ◽  
Mixed Regression ◽  
And Training

The use of renal biopsy through laparoscopy is increasingly present both in human and veterinary medicine. However, both techniques require skill and training to make the operator capable to do it. The learning curve allows the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the number of attempts and minimum time for the surgical procedure. The objective included establish the learning curve for laparoscopy-guided kidney biopsy procedures in dog and pig corpses. Six dogs and six pigs corpses weighing less than 10 kg were used for this study. All corpses underwent kidney biopsy performed through laparoscopy. Twenty-four operators, two per animal, performed 20 renal biopsies each (10 for each kidney), with 480 collection-procedures in total. Duration and difficulty of the procedure and the biopsy sample quality were evaluated and statistical analysis was performed using a mixed regression model with a random effect of individuals and multivariate analysis of data. There were 91.5% of the samples that were adequate for evaluation. There was no significant difference in the number of glomeruli or cortex percentage considering the attempts in either species, demonstrating the operator’s ability since first collection. Swine samples showed higher amounts of renal cortex than canine samples. The procedure duration was shorter as more attempts were performed in dogs and pigs. From the fourth repetition, the professional reached a plateau for the variable related to ‘collection’, and from the second, the professional presented uniform duration for ‘sample storage’. Operators of the swine model acquired more agility than the dog ones. The variable ‘difficulty’ decreased as more repetitions were performed, reaching a plateau in the sixth attempt. Seven renal biopsies laparoscopy-guided are required for an operator to be considered ‘capable’ to perform the procedure in the referred species included. The learning curve for image-guided kidney biopsy procedures improves the implementation of this technique and benefits patients that undergo this procedure.

The Effect of Status on Identity Stability

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny L. Davis ◽  
Tony P. Love
Keyword(s):  
Identity Theory ◽  
High Status ◽  
Identity Change ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Task Oriented

Using 77 status-imbalanced dyads, we experimentally test the effect of status on identity stability, setting the stage for research on identity change. From an identity theory perspective, we hypothesize that those with higher status will maintain greater identity stability over the course of a task-oriented interaction than their relatively lower status partners. We further test the role of identity-discrepant information. Results indicate that higher status actors are better able to maintain stable identity meanings than those with lower status. However, this relationship dissipates when situational meanings contrast with high-status actors’ self-views. More generally, this indicates that high status positively affects identity stability, yet high-status actors remain vulnerable to situational inputs.

The Interplay of Inter- and Intraprofessional Boundary Work in Multidisciplinary Teams

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1649-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariline Comeau-Vallée ◽  
Ann Langley
Keyword(s):  
Interprofessional Collaboration ◽  
Boundary Work ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
High Status ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

The challenges of managing interprofessional boundaries within multidisciplinary teams are well known. However, the role of intraprofessional relations in influencing the dynamics of interprofessional collaboration remain underexplored. Our qualitative study offers a fine-grained analysis of the interplay between inter- and intraprofessional boundary work among three professional groups in a multidisciplinary team over a period of two years. Our contribution to the literature is threefold. First, we identify various forms of “competitive” and “collaborative” boundary work that may occur simultaneously at both inter- and intraprofessional levels. Second, we reveal the dynamic interplay between inter- and intraprofessional boundary negotiations over time. Third, we theorize relationships between the social position of professional groups, and the uses and consequences of competitive and collaborative boundary work tactics at intra- and interprofessional levels. Specifically, we show how intraprofessional conflict within high-status groups may affect interprofessional dynamics, we reveal how intraprofessional and interprofessional boundaries may be mobilized positively to support collaborative relations, and we show how mobilization within lower-status groups around interprofessional boundary grievances can paradoxically lead to further marginalization.

Maya Diets of the Rich and Poor: Paleoethnobotanical Evidence from Copan

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Time Span ◽  
Classic Maya ◽  
High Status ◽  
Late Classic ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Plant Species Distributions ◽  
The Rich

Analysis of plant remains recovered from excavations at Copán in western Honduras has provided substantive data regarding agroeconomic systems of the prehistoric inhabitants. The time span of the deposits ranges from the Gordon/Uir phase (900-400 B. C.), which may have been non-Maya, to the Coner phase (A. D. 700-900+), which encompasses the collapse of the Classic Maya cultural manifestation in the valley. Several traditionally recognized mesoamerican cultigens were identified including corn, beans, and several species of Cucurbitaceae. In addition, remains of a number of economic tree species were discovered, suggesting a reliance on arboriculture as part of the subsistence strategy. Pine charcoal predominated in all deposits and may have been the preferred wood for fuel and construction. Analysis of edible-plant-species distributions from low- and high-status Late Classic dwellings using the Shannon-Weaver index revealed that elite individuals had a higher diversity of available foods, a situation that may have led to nutritional stress among lower-status individuals and, ultimately, social unrest.

Aspects of Fertility in Suva, Fiji

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Secular Trend ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Status ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Demographic Trend ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Racial Harmony

SummaryRecent changes in vital rates in Fiji suggest that the Melanesian (MF) component of the population is growing faster than the Indian (IF) component, thus reversing a long-standing demographic trend.Patterns of family building were studied in the respondent families of 302 MF and 324 IF children at school in the capital, Suva. Melanesian families were larger than IF families, even when corrected for differences in maternal age and social class. Particularly among IF families, there was a significant effect of social class on family size, higher status families having fewer children. Among all groups there was evidence of a secular trend to earlier childbearing and, less clearly, to an earlier cessation of childbearing. Among both races age-specific fertility levels were similar in younger age-groups, but older IF mothers showed significantly lower fertility.It is suggested that among IF families, who form a more urbanized and commercially/industrially oriented segment of the Fijian population, two factors may account for the reduction in fertility: (i) pressure to limit population growth in the interests of racial harmony; and (ii) economic pressure resulting in a demographic transition. The latter suggestion is supported by the fact that the greatest decrease in fertility occurs among high status families. Among MFs the reduction in fertility has been less, due probably to the absence of a ‘racial harmony’ incentive and also to a lesser economic stimulus.

Interpersonal Distance as a Function of Task Difficulty, Praise, Status Orientation, and Sex of Partner

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 683-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonore Loeb Adler ◽  
Marvin A. Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
High Status ◽  
Interpersonal Distance ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Easy Task ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
Lower Status

Interpersonal distance between Ss and confederates was measured in the laboratory. Ss placed themselves relatively far away from partners who flattered them and who were ascribed lower status. In turn, they sat farther from subordinates who praised them after performing a difficult in comparison with an easy task. Their spatial distance from partners of high status did not differ across conditions. These results were interpreted as evidence for the fact that social distance as experienced in status-oriented relationships is manifest in interpersonal physical distance. In further analyses, the differences in interpersonal distance were more reliable in same-sex than in male-female partners. Also, men tended to be more variable and on the average more distant than were women.

Is Only Fair Lovely in Indian Politics? Consequences of Skin Color in a Survey Experiment in Delhi

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Ahuja ◽  
Susan L. Ostermann ◽  
Aashish Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Dark Skin ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Indian Politics ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Significance Levels

AbstractAdoration for fair skin color and bias against dark skin color are strong in Indian society. The theory of colorism suggests that, irrespective of a voter’s own phenotype, voters prefer lighter- to darker-skinned candidates. And yet, a substantial number of dark-skinned politicians get elected into office in India. In the first systematic study of voter preferences for candidate skin color in India, we conducted a survey experiment in which respondents were randomly administered one of three treatments based upon candidate skin tone: fair, wheatish (medium-brown), and dark. We find only weak evidence for colorism in the sample as a whole—the fair candidate is supported more than the dark and wheatish candidates, but at only marginal significance levels. This is because color preferences are heterogeneous amongst respondent groups. Dalits and the poor, groups that are darker relative to other groups and have been politically mobilized, exhibit much stronger support for dark candidates than other groups, consistent with a desire for descriptive representation. Amongst those who do not belong to these two groups, including dark respondents, the fair candidate finds more support than the dark candidate. This shows that even in the absence of skin color-based electoral appeals, skin color can emerge as an implicit marker of politically mobilized identities, and that this mobilization can undercut colorism.

Risk Factors for Salmonella and Hygiene Indicators in the 10 Largest Belgian Pig Slaughterhouses

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1320-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. DELHALLE ◽  
L. DE SADELEER ◽  
K. BOLLAERTS ◽  
F. FARNIR ◽  
C. SAEGERMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Mixed Linear Model ◽  
Mixed Regression ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Pig Carcasses ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

A survey was conducted to collect data on Salmonella prevalence, Escherichia coli counts (ECCs), and aerobic bacteria colony counts (ACCs) on pig carcasses after chilling at the 10 largest Belgian pig slaughterhouses during 2000 through 2004. Potential risk factors of contamination associated with production parameters, technical descriptions of the installations, and cleaning and disinfection methods were assessed during investigations in the slaughterhouses. These variables were used first in a univariate analysis and then were extended to a multivariate analysis with a logistic mixed regression model for Salmonella and a linear mixed model for ECCs and ACCs with slaughterhouses as the random effect. The results indicated high variability concerning Salmonella contamination among the 10 slaughterhouses, with prevalence ranging from 2.6 to 34.3% according to the area of origin. The median ECC and median ACC ranged from −0.43 to 1.11 log CFU/cm2 and from 2.37 to 3.65 log CFU/cm2, respectively. The results of the logistic and linear regressions revealed that some working practices such as scalding with steam, second flaming after polishing, and complete cleaning and disinfection of the splitting machine several times a day were beneficial for reducing Salmonella prevalence, ECCs, and ACCs. Changing the carcass hooks just before chilling, using water as the cleaning method, and a higher frequency of disinfection of the lairage seemed to be protective against E. coli in the multivariate mixed linear model. The monitoring of critical points, slaughterhouse equipment, good slaughtering practices, and effective washing and disinfection are the keys to obtaining good microbiological results.

scholarly journals Factors Determining Birth Intervals: A Multilevel Mixed Effect Parametric Survival Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
O.I. Adeniyi ◽  
I.R. Olonijolu ◽  
A.A. Akinrefon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Flexible Parametric Model ◽  
Parametric Survival Model ◽  
Effect Parameter ◽  
Parametric Survival

Interval between births plays an important role in maternal health as well as child health. This study applies the methodology of Flexible parametric survival models to data on successive births among Nigeria women using the dataset from 2018 National Demographic Health survey. The flexible parametric survival model with Weibull baseline distribution was found to be the best among other fitted baseline distributions. The factors, zone of residence, educational qualification, religion, economic status and age at first birth were found to be significant in predicting the birth intervals. It was found that random effect parameter indicates that the interval between successive births is similar from the same woman. Keywords: Birth intervals, Baseline hazard, Mixed effect, Flexible parametric model, AIC. 

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