Hard ticks as research resources for vector biology: from genome to whole-body level

Nanoparticles may invade directly into the internal body through the respiratory or digestive system and diffuse inside body. The behavior of nanoparticles in the internal body is also essential to comprehend for the realization of DDS. Thus it is necessary to reveal the internal dynamics for the proper treatments and biomedical applications of nanoparticles. In the present study the plural methods with different principles such as X-ray scanning analytical microscope (XSAM), MRI and Fluorescent microscopy were applied to enable the observation of the internal diffusion of micro/nanoparticles in the (1) whole body level, (2) inner organ level and (3) tissue and intracellular level. Chemical analysis was also done by ICP-AES for organs and compared with the results of XSAM mapping.

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Involvement of non-neuronal brain cells in AVP-mediated regulation of water space at the cellular, organ, and whole-body level

Journal of Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1002/1097-4547(20001115)62:4<480::aid-jnr2>3.0.co;2-k ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 480-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Leif Hertz ◽

Ye Chen ◽

Maria Spatz

Keyword(s):

Whole Body ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Body Level ◽

Water Space

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Regional acetate kinetics and oxidation in human volunteers

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.6.e978 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 274 (6) ◽

pp. E978-E983 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

B. Mittendorfer ◽

L. S. Sidossis ◽

E. Walser ◽

D. L. Chinkes ◽

R. R. Wolfe

Keyword(s):

Continuous Infusion ◽

Whole Body ◽

Acetate Metabolism ◽

Human Volunteers ◽

Percent Recovery ◽

Carbon Recovery ◽

Body Level ◽

Uptake And Release

We have used a 3-h primed continuous infusion of [1,2-13C]acetate in five fasted (24 h) volunteers to quantify splanchnic and leg acetate metabolism ( protocol 1). Fractional extraction of acetate by both tissues was high (∼70%), and simultaneous uptake and release of acetate were observed. Labeled carbon recovery in CO2 was 37.9 ± 2.3% at the whole body level, 37.7 ± 1.5% across the splanchnic bed, and 37.3 ± 2.9% across the leg. Furthermore, we calculated whole body labeled carbon recovery during 15 h of [1,2-13C]acetate infusion in three volunteers ( protocol 2). Whole body acetate carbon recovery in CO2 was significantly higher (66.7 ± 4.5%) after 15 h of tracer infusion than after 3 h. We conclude that acetate is rapidly taken up by the leg and splanchnic tissues and that the percent recovery of CO2from the oxidation of acetate is heavily dependent on the length of acetate tracer infusion. In the postabsorptive state, labeled carbon recovery from acetate across the leg and the splanchnic region is similar to the whole body CO2 recovery.

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The Kidney Clock Contributes to Timekeeping by the Master Circadian Clock

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20112765 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (11) ◽

pp. 2765 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jihwan Myung ◽

Mei-Yi Wu ◽

Chun-Ya Lee ◽

Amalia Ridla Rahim ◽

Vuong Hung Truong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

The Body ◽

Circadian Clocks ◽

Whole Body ◽

The Hierarchical Structure ◽

Body Level ◽

The Brain ◽

Master Clock

The kidney harbors one of the strongest circadian clocks in the body. Kidney failure has long been known to cause circadian sleep disturbances. Using an adenine-induced model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in mice, we probe the possibility that such sleep disturbances originate from aberrant circadian rhythms in kidney. Under the CKD condition, mice developed unstable behavioral circadian rhythms. When observed in isolation in vitro, the pacing of the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), remained uncompromised, while the kidney clock became a less robust circadian oscillator with a longer period. We find this analogous to the silencing of a strong slave clock in the brain, the choroid plexus, which alters the pacing of the SCN. We propose that the kidney also contributes to overall circadian timekeeping at the whole-body level, through bottom-up feedback in the hierarchical structure of the mammalian circadian clocks.

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High temperature stress response is not sexually dimorphic at the whole-body level and is dependent on androgens to induce sex reversal

General and Comparative Endocrinology ◽

10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113605 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 299 ◽

pp. 113605

Author(s):

Diana C. Castañeda-Cortés ◽

Jing Zhang ◽

Agustín F. Boan ◽

Valerie S. Langlois ◽

Juan I. Fernandino

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Stress Response ◽

Temperature Stress ◽

High Temperature Stress ◽

Sex Reversal ◽

Whole Body ◽

Sexually Dimorphic ◽

Body Level

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Autoimmune disorder phenotypes in Hvcn1-deficient mice

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20121188 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 450 (2) ◽

pp. 295-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Mari Sasaki ◽

Akihiro Tojo ◽

Yoshifumi Okochi ◽

Nana Miyawaki ◽

Daisuke Kamimura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Autoimmune Disorder ◽

Whole Body ◽

Activated T Cells ◽

Proton Channels ◽

Voltage Gated ◽

In The Wild ◽

Body Level ◽

Deficient Mice

Hv channels (voltage-gated proton channels) are expressed in blood cells, microglia and some types of epithelial cells. In neutrophils Hv channels regulate the production of reactive oxygen species through regulation of membrane potential and intracellular pH. Hv channels have also been suggested to play a role in sperm physiology in the human. However, the functions of the Hv channel at the whole-body level are not fully understood. In the present paper we show that Hvcn1 (voltage-gated hydrogen channel 1)-knockout mice show splenomegaly, autoantibodies and nephritis, that are reminiscent of human autoimmune diseases phenotypes. The number of activated T-cells was larger in Hvcn1-deficient mice than in the wild-type mice. Upon viral infection this was remarkably enhanced in Hvcn1-deficient mice. The production of superoxide anion in T-cells upon stimulation with PMA was significantly attenuated in the Hvcn1-deficient mice. These results suggest that Hv channels regulate T-cell homoeostasis in vivo.

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Experimental analysis of critical oxygen delivery

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00884.2004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 288 (3) ◽

pp. H1071-H1079 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Ivo P. Torres Filho ◽

Bruce D. Spiess ◽

Roland N. Pittman ◽

R. Wayne Barbee ◽

Kevin R. Ward

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Index ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Systolic Pressure ◽

Whole Body ◽

Critical Levels ◽

Dual Regression ◽

Body Level ◽

Multiple Variables ◽

Systemic Variables ◽

Stored Blood

Systemic variables were evaluated with respect to O2 delivery to test the hypothesis that critical O2 delivery and critical Hb can be estimated by multiple variables collected simultaneously. Rats were subjected to transfusion with either fresh or stored blood and then subjected to stepwise isovolemic hemodilution. Critical levels were measured by the dual-regression method from plots of systemic variables against O2 delivery and Hb. Delivery was calculated from cardiac index and arterial O2 content. We found that 1) after hemodilution, O2 delivery changed in a nonlinear relationship with Hb; 2) critical delivery calculated using 30 different systemic variables was not statistically different from each other; 3) critical delivery and critical Hb were correlated but were not different between animals receiving fresh or stored blood; and 4) similar critical levels were found using a single variable from several animals and using several variables from the same subject. The best variables to estimate critical delivery were lactate, bicarbonate, base excess, O2 extraction ratio, expired CO2, pulse pressure, cardiac index, and systolic pressure. The data suggest that a multivariable analysis of critical delivery may help determine the physiological oxygenation boundary at the whole body level. This may assist in finding therapeutic triggers on an individual basis using systemic markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.

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Responses to Nutrients in farm animals: implications for product quality

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200021669 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2007 ◽

pp. 263-263

Author(s):

J. F. Hocquette ◽

S. Tesseraud ◽

I. Cassar-Malek ◽

C. Leroux

Keyword(s):

Product Quality ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Whole Body ◽

Metabolic Efficiency ◽

Food Markets ◽

Animal Products ◽

New Concepts ◽

Body Level ◽

Increasing Demand

In the context of increased globalisation and competitiveness, producers of animal products have been the most affected with considerable reductions in profit margins. Research on nutrition in farm animals is thus still needed to reduce the costs of production by increasing metabolic efficiency. To achieve this goal, the objective is always to control animal performance accurately by improved quantification of animal requirements and by precise feed evaluation. At the same time, the farming and agri-food sectors are faced with a general saturation of food markets in Europe and with an increasing demand by consumers for high-quality meat and dairy products. This has also led to specific research in nutrition which aims to optimise metabolic activity of muscle and mammary gland to produce meat and dairy products of the desirable composition. This paper aims to address this important question: how animal nutrition may help to optimise metabolic efficiency and product quality. Today this needs better knowledge of tissue and organ requirements and of nutrient fate within tissues and organs as well as of their contribution to the quality of animal products. Furthermore, in order to achieve this goal of greater understanding of animal response to nutrition, new concepts and techniques are available to decipher mechanisms that were impossible to address adequately a few years ago. In this connection, emerging approaches such as genomics and modelling provide the means for a better insight into the mechanisms which regulate metabolism at tissue or whole body level.

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Effect of hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia on whole body and regional fatty acid metabolism

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.3.e427 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 276 (3) ◽

pp. E427-E434 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Labros S. Sidossis ◽

Bettina Mittendorfer ◽

David Chinkes ◽

Eric Walser ◽

Robert R. Wolfe

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽

Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Fatty Acid Uptake ◽

Whole Body ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Acid Uptake ◽

Similar Extent ◽

Body Level

The effects of combined hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia on whole body, splanchnic, and leg fatty acid metabolism were determined in five volunteers. Catheters were placed in a femoral artery and vein and a hepatic vein. U-13C-labeled fatty acids were infused, once in the basal state and, on a different occasion, during infusion of dextrose (clamp; arterial glucose 8.8 ± 0.5 mmol/l). Lipids and heparin were infused together with the dextrose to maintain plasma fatty acid concentrations at basal levels. Fatty acid availability in plasma and fatty acid uptake across the splanchnic region and the leg were similar during the basal and clamp experiments. Dextrose infusion decreased fatty acid oxidation by 51.8% (whole body), 47.4% (splanchnic), and 64.3% (leg). Similarly, the percent fatty acid uptake oxidized decreased at the whole body level (53 to 29%), across the splanchnic region (30 to 13%), and in the leg (48 to 22%) during the clamp. We conclude that, in healthy men, combined hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia inhibits fatty acid oxidation to a similar extent at the whole body level, across the leg, and across the splanchnic region, even when fatty acid availability is constant.

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