scholarly journals Acute toxicity of sodium chloride to first and fourth instar Aedes albopictus larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Jinguji ◽  
Yuki Fujiwara ◽  
Kazuhisa Ohtsu ◽  
Moono Shin ◽  
Motoko Morimoto
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Fourth Instar

Reduction of Reproductive Capacity in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Hot, Dry Summer

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1729-1733
Author(s):  
Md Shah Alam ◽  
Nobuko Tuno
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
July Temperature ◽  
Low Precipitation

Abstract The summer of 2018 was very hot and dry with little rain nationwide in Japan. Particularly in July, temperature was 3°C higher in comparison with the normal year. We collected adults, pupae, third or fourth instar larvae of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Sendai city, Niigata city, and Kanazawa city in late July and early August 2018. Wild-collected adults were examined for reproductive capacity. On the other hand, wild-collected larvae and pupae were raised to adults in the laboratory and then examined for reproductive capacity. They did not lay eggs after single blood feeding. When they were supplied with bloodmeals twice or three times, they laid a small number of eggs, but these eggs did not hatch. When these adult individuals were maintained at 25°C for 3 wk and then fed with blood, they laid healthy eggs which developed to embryos. It is thought that extreme heat and/or extreme low humidity due to low precipitation reduced female reproductive capacity even if they could take bloodmeals.

Spinosyns Delivered in Sugar Meals to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Acute Toxicity and Subacute Effects on Survival, Fecundity, and Fertility

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah A Alomar ◽  
Barry W Alto ◽  
Edward D Walker
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Hatch Rate ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Sugar is an essential source of nutrition for adult mosquitoes to acquire energy. Toxic sugar bait (TSB) provides a promising method for mosquito control by incorporating toxins into artificial sources of sugar (i.e., toxic baits) presented to wild populations. Spinosyns comprise a family of bacterial secondary metabolites with a unique mode of action against the insect nervous system, an appealing environmental safety profile, and potential for incorporation into sugar baits. This research evaluated acute and subacute effects of spinosad (spinosyns A and D) and spinetoram (spinosyns J and L) in sugar meals on survival, fecundity, and fertility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Acute toxicity of spinosyns doubled from 24 to 48 h of assessment, revealing a relatively slow and cumulative action of the formulated spinosyns. Median lethal concentrations at 48 h were lower for spinetoram than for spinosad, lower for Ae. albopictus than Ae. aegypti, and lower for males than females. When exposed to subacute LC50 concentrations of spinosad and spinetoram for 24 h, survival of males and females of both species was diminished compared with controls, fecundity of females was increased, but fertility as measured by hatch rate of eggs was decreased. The formulations may have increased the nutritive value of the sugar meals thereby boosting fecundity, while toxifying embryos, reducing fertility. The inclusion of subacute effects of spinosyns allows assessment of the broader consequences of TSB for adult mosquito control.

Larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Youngia japonica aerial parts and its constituents against Aedes albopictus

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Chao Liu ◽  
Qiyong Liu ◽  
Xu Bo Chen ◽  
Qi Zhi Liu ◽  
Zhi Long Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Oil Gas

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Youngia japonica aerial parts against the larvae of Aedes albopictus and to isolate any active compounds from the oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed the presence of 31 compounds, with menthol (23.53%), α-asarone (21.54%), 1,8-cineole (5.36%), and caryophyllene (4.45%) as the major constituents. Bioactivity-directed chromatographic separation of the oil led to the isolation of menthol and α-asarone as active compounds. The essential oil of Y. japonica exhibited larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of A. albopictus with an LC50 value of 32.45 μg/mL. α-Asarone and menthol possessed larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of A. albopictus with LC50 values of 24.56 μg/mL and 77.97 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that the essential oil of Y. japonica aerial parts and the two constituents can be potential sources of natural larvicides.

Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2078 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAHYAD AZARI-HAMIDIAN ◽  
RALF E. HARBACH
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Taxonomic Keys

Taxonomic keys are provided for the identification of the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of Iranian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), which include 64 species and three subspecies belonging to seven genera. The keys also include 12 species recorded in old literature that have not been collected recently, but are known to occur elsewhere in southwestern Asia. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is not known to occur in Iran, but it is included in the keys because it has been established in many countries in the region during recent decades, and it is medically important. Newly recorded species, new characters, drawings illustrating characters used in the keys, and some notes are included to aid the identification of the species. The keys are based on recently collected specimens and museum collections, as well as taxonomic literature.

scholarly journals Duration of larval and pupal development stages of Aedes albopictus in natural and artificial containers

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almério de Castro Gomes ◽  
Sabina Lea Davidson Gotlieb ◽  
Cristiano C. de Azevedo Marques ◽  
Marcia Bicudo de Paula ◽  
Gisela Rita A.M. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Tree Hole

Aedes albopictus were reared in different containers: a tree hole, a bamboo stump and an auto tire. The total times from egg hatching to adult emergence were of 19.6,27.3 and 37.5 days, respectively, according to the container. The first, second and third-instar larvae presented growth periods with highly similar durations. The fourth-instar larvae was longer than the others stages. The pupation time was longer than the fourth-instar larvae growth period. The temperature of the breeding sites studied, which was of 18° C to 22° C on average, was also taken into consideration. The mortality of the immature stages was analysed and compared as between the experimental groups; it was lower in the natural containers than in the discarded tire. The average wing length of adult females emerging from tree hole was significantly larger (p < 0.05) than that of those emerging from the tire.

scholarly journals EFFICACY OF COMMERCIAL ATTRACTIVE TOXIC SUGAR BAIT STATION (ATSB) AGAINST AEDES ALBOPICTUS

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Vindhya S. Aryaprema
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Field Component ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Commercial Product ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
Bait Station ◽  
And Control

The use of toxic sugar baits is a new paradigm in mosquito control. A commercial product of attractive toxic sugar bait station (Spartan Mosquito Eradicator) contains a toxic sugar bait with sodium chloride as the active ingredient and yeast as an attractant. We studied the efficacy of the device against adult Aedes albopictus Skuse. The study composed of a laboratory and a field component with treatment and control cohorts. The treatment in the laboratory experiment resulted in nonsignificant mortality of adult mosquitoes compared with untreated mosquitoes. Neither laboratory nor field components of the study showed significant evidence that the commercial product could reduce the abundance of Ae. albopictus in the natural environment. The device may need to be improved and further evaluation conducted.

Acute Toxicity of Sodium Chloride, Pentachlorophenol, Guthion®, and Hexavalent Chromium to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira R. Adelman ◽  
Lloyd L. Smith Jr. ◽  
Gary D. Siesennop
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Significant Difference

The 96-h LC50’s for sodium chloride were 7650 and 7341 mg/liter, for pentachlorophenol 0.21 and 0.22 mg/liter, for Guthion® 1.9 and 2.4 mg/liter, and for hexavalent chromium 48 and 120 mg/liter, for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and goldfish (Carassius auratus), respectively. Threshold LC50’s were reached in 6 days for sodium chloride (7650 and 7322 mg/liter for fathead minnows and goldfish, respectively), and pentachlorophenol (0.21 and 0.21 mg/liter), but were not attained in 11 days (termination of testing) with Guthion® (0.76 and 0.80 mg/liter) and hexavalent chromium (18 and 33 mg/liter). With pentachlorophenol and Guthion® goldfish were initially more resistant, but by termination there was no significant difference in LC50’s between the two species. With hexavalent chromium the goldfish were more resistant throughout the 11-day test, and with sodium chloride goldfish were initially more resistant but at attainment of a threshold LC50 were less resistant. Use of toxicity curves for assessment of acute mortality permits interpretation not possible in 96-h tests where LC50’s are computed at 24-h intervals.

scholarly journals Mosquito Larvicidal Constituents from the Ethanol Extract ofInula racemosaHook. f. Roots againstAedes albopictus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing He ◽  
Xin Chao Liu ◽  
Rui Qi Sun ◽  
Zhi Wei Deng ◽  
Shu Shan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Active Constituents ◽  
Inula Racemosa ◽  
Asian Tiger

The aim of this research was to determine larvicidal activity of the ethanol extract ofInula racemosaHook. f. (Compositae) roots against the larvae of the Culicidae mosquitoAedes albopictusand to isolate any larvicidal constituents from the extract. Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, 11,13-dihydroisoalantolactone (1), macrophyllilactone E (2), 5α-epoxyalantolactone (3), and epoxyisoalantolactone (4) were isolated and identified as the active constituents. Compounds1and2exhibited strong larvicidal activity against the early fourth-instar larvae ofA. albopictuswith LC50values of 21.86 μg/mL and 18.65 μg/mL, respectively, while the ethanol extract had a LC50value of 25.23 μg/mL. Compounds3and4also possessed larvicidal activity against the Asian tiger mosquitoes with LC50values of 29.37 μg/mL and 35.13 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicated that the ethanol extract ofI. racemosaand the four isolated constituents have potential for use in the control ofA. albopictuslarvae and could be useful in the search of newer, safer, and more effective natural compounds as larvicides.

MEIOSIS IN THE MALE OF CULEX PIPIENS AND AEDES ALBOPICTUS AND FERTILIZATION IN THE CULEX PIPIENS-COMPLEX

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Jost
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Meiotic Prophase ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Sperm Head ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Female Meiosis ◽  
Culex Pipiens Complex ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Somatic Pairing

As a result of close somatic pairing of the chromosomes visible leptotene stages do not occur in either Culex pipiens or Aedes albopictus. Bouquet stages were not observed during early meiotic prophase. The sperm of C. pipiens consist of a head 14 μ long and a tail 200 μ long. More than 80% of sperm treated with 3H-Tdr could be sufficiently labeled by feeding fourth instar larvae 10 μCi/ml/larva 3H-Tdr for about 3 days. An almost complete label could be found in the sperm head and only some few grains in the DNA of the mitochondrial bodies of the tail.In the C. pipiens female, meiosis is activated by the entrance of the sperm and karyogamy is effected about 50 minutes after oviposition. During the meiotic divisions the sperm moves to the center of the egg and fuses with the pronucleus. If supernumerary sperm are present they most often are found near the micropylar pole of the egg.Although the frequency of polyspermy is low, one or two sperm are usually present in the fertilized eggs.In incompatible crosses with strains of different geographical origins (♂ Hamburg ♀ Paris) the egg is activated by the sperm and the meiotic divisions begin but the sperm does not succeed in fusing with the pronucleus. The developing embryos are haploid and embryogenesis leads to irregular differentiation; 99.9% of the embryos die. Apparently reactions between sperm and egg cytoplasm prevent karyogamy. The different models of cross-reactions in the C. pipiens-complex are discussed; mitochondrial DNA is suggested to be involved in fertilization.

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