scholarly journals Software evolution: the lifetime of fine-grained elements

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e372
Author(s):  
Diomidis Spinellis ◽  
Panos Louridas ◽  
Maria Kechagia
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Hazard Rate ◽  
Software Evolution ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Median Lifespan ◽  
Revision Control ◽  
Individual Source ◽  
Project Size ◽  
Over Time

A model regarding the lifetime of individual source code lines or tokens can estimate maintenance effort, guide preventive maintenance, and, more broadly, identify factors that can improve the efficiency of software development. We present methods and tools that allow tracking of each line’s or token’s birth and death. Through them, we analyze 3.3 billion source code element lifetime events in 89 revision control repositories. Statistical analysis shows that code lines are durable, with a median lifespan of about 2.4 years, and that young lines are more likely to be modified or deleted, following a Weibull distribution with the associated hazard rate decreasing over time. This behavior appears to be independent from specific characteristics of lines or tokens, as we could not determine factors that influence significantly their longevity across projects. The programing language, and developer tenure and experience were not found to be significantly correlated with line or token longevity, while project size and project age showed only a slight correlation.

In or Out?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. De Vries
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Alternative State ◽  
Empirical Measurement ◽  
The Status ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

This chapter introduces a benchmark theory of public opinion towards European integration. Rather than relying on generic labels like support or scepticism, the chapter suggests that public opinion towards the EU is both multidimensional and multilevel in nature. People’s attitudes towards Europe are essentially based on a comparison between the benefits of the status quo of membership and those associated with an alternative state, namely one’s country being outside the EU. This comparison is coined the ‘EU differential’. When comparing these benefits, people rely on both their evaluations of the outcomes (policy evaluations) and the system that produces them (regime evaluations). This chapter presents a fine-grained conceptualization of what it means to be an EU supporter or Eurosceptic; it also designs a careful empirical measurement strategy to capture variation, both cross-nationally and over time. The chapter cross-validates these measures against a variety of existing and newly developed data sources.

Augmenting commit classification by using fine-grained source code changes and a pre-trained deep neural language model

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 106566
Author(s):  
Lobna Ghadhab ◽  
Ilyes Jenhani ◽  
Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer ◽  
Montassar Ben Messaoud
Keyword(s):  
Language Model ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Code Changes ◽  
Source Code Changes

Citizen sociolinguists scaling back

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy Rymes ◽  
Gareth Smail
Keyword(s):  
Social Meaning ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Communicative Practices ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Multilingual Communication ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Practices ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper examines the different ways that professional experts and everyday language users engage in scaling practices to claim authority when they talk about multilingual practices and the social significance they assign to them. Specifically, we compare sociolinguists’ use of the term translanguaging to describe multilingual and multimodal practices to the diverse observations of amateur online commentators, or citizen sociolinguists. Our analysis focuses on commentary on cross-linguistic communicative practices in Wales, or “things Welsh people say.” We ultimately argue that by calling practices “translanguaging” and defaulting to scaled-up interpretations of multilingual communication, sociolinguists are increasingly missing out on analyses of how the social meaning of (cross)linguistic practices accrues and evolves within specific communities over time. By contrast, the fine-grained perceptions of “citizen sociolinguists” as they discuss their own communicative practices in context may have something unique and underexamined to offer us as researchers of communicative diversity.

Disparity and Dynamics of Social Distancing Behaviors in Japan: An Investigation of mobile phone mobility data (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyu Lyu ◽  
Hiroki Takikawa
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND The availability of large-scale and fine-grained aggregated mobility data has allowed researchers to observe the dynamic of social distancing behaviors at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Despite the increasing attentions paid to this research agenda, limited studies have focused on the demographic factors related to mobility and the dynamics of social distancing behaviors has not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assist in the design and implementation of public health policies by exploring the social distancing behaviors among various demographic groups over time. METHODS We combined several data sources, including mobile tracking data and geographical statistics, to estimate visiting population of entertainment venues across demographic groups, which can be considered as the proxy of social distancing behaviors. Then, we employed time series analyze methods to investigate how voluntary and policy-induced social distancing behaviors shift over time across demographic groups. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate distinct patterns of social distancing behaviors and their dynamics across age groups. The population in the entertainment venues comprised mainly of individuals aged 20–40 years, while according to the dynamics of the mobility index and the policy-induced behavior, among the age groups, the extent of reduction of the frequency of visiting entertainment venues during the pandemic was generally the highest among younger individuals. Also, our results indicate the importance of implementing the social distancing policy promptly to limit the spread of the COVID-19 infection. However, it should be noticed that although the policy intervention during the second wave in Japan appeared to increase the awareness of the severity of the pandemic and concerns regarding COVID-19, its direct impact has been largely decreased could only last for a short time. CONCLUSIONS At the time we wrote this paper, in Japan, the number of daily confirmed cases was continuously increasing. Thus, this study provides a timely reference for decision makers about the current situation of policy-induced compliance behaviors. On the one hand, age-dependent disparity requires target mitigation strategies to increase the intention of elderly individuals to adopt mobility restriction behaviors. On the other hand, considering the decreasing impact of self-restriction recommendations, the government should employ policy interventions that limit the resurgence of cases, especially by imposing stronger, stricter social distancing interventions, as they are necessary to promote social distancing behaviors and mitigate the transmission of COVID-19. CLINICALTRIAL None

scholarly journals Sequence Braiding: Visual Overviews of Temporal Event Sequences and Attributes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Di Bartolomeo ◽  
Yixuan Zhang ◽  
Fangfang Sheng ◽  
Cody Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Completion Time ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Event Sequences ◽  
Sentinel Events ◽  
Temporal Events ◽  
High Level ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Temporal Event Sequences

Temporal event sequence alignment has been used in many domains to visualize nuanced changes and interactions over time. Existing approaches align one or two sentinel events. Overview tasks require examining all alignments of interest using interaction and time or juxtaposition of many visualizations. Furthermore, any event attribute overviews are not closely tied to sequence visualizations. We present SEQUENCE BRAIDING, a novel overview visualization for temporal event sequences and attributes using a layered directed acyclic network.SEQUENCE BRAIDING visually aligns many temporal events and attribute groups simultaneously and supports arbitrary ordering, absence, and duplication of events. In a controlled experiment we compare SEQUENCE BRAIDING and IDMVis on user task completion time, correctness, error, and confidence. Our results provide good evidence that users of SEQUENCE BRAIDING can understand high-level patterns and trends faster and with similar error. A full version of this paper with all appendices;the evaluation stimuli, data, and analysis code; and source code are available at osf.io/s92bu.

scholarly journals A Prologue of Git and SVN

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 988-990
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Version Control ◽  
Control Software ◽  
The World ◽  
Revision Control ◽  
Version Control System ◽  
General Public License

Version Control Software or Revision Control Software are the most important things in the world of software development. In this paper, we have described two version control tools: Git and Apache Subversion. Git comes as free and open source code management and version control system which is disseminated with the GNU general public license. Apache Subversion abbreviated as SVN is one amongst a software versioning and revision control systems given as open source under Apache License. Git design, its functionality, and usage of Git and SVN are discussed in this paper. The goal of this research paper is to accentuate on GIT and SVN tools, evaluate and compare five version control tools to ascertain their usage and efficacy.

The Doctrine of Manifest Danger and its Relationship to Reliability, Preventive Maintenance and Fail-Safe Design

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Reliability Design ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Safety Technology ◽  
Fail Safe ◽  
Over Time

Abstract “Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.”1 Man has made no observations that would challenge this notion from the Bible and certainly safeguarding systems fall into lockstep. Safety technology has responded to the reality of eventual degradation using four general approaches: reliability design, preventive maintenance, fail-safe design and danger manifestation. The optimum implementation of these approaches will still not eliminate accidents; indeed, no work of manor nature is or can be danger free. Nevertheless, these sophisticated approaches are capable of producing ever-increasing levels of safety, albeit, with attendant ever-increasing cost. It is at once unfortunate and unacceptable that common law2 is not equally sophisticated in dealing with the inevitable failure of safeguarding systems over time. This paper introduces The Doctrine of Manifest Danger which is defined as a design concept using direct cues or indicator devices to communicate to the community of users that the safety of a system has been compromised before injuries occur. Furthermore, the paper addresses a related legal issue by distinguishing between proximate cause and cause of action.

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