scholarly journals Multi-year pair-bonding in Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10460
Author(s):  
Alan J. Couch ◽  
Fiona Dyer ◽  
Mark Lintermans
Keyword(s):  
Paternal Care ◽  
Molecular Ecology ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Full Sibling

Mating strategies in fishes are known to include polygyny, polyandry and monogamy and provide valuable insights regarding powerful evolutionary forces such as sexual selection. Monogamy is a complex of mating systems that has been relatively neglected. Previous work on mating strategies in fishes has often been based on observation and focused on marine species rather than freshwater fishes. SNPs are increasingly being used as a molecular ecology tool in non-model organisms, and methods of probabilistic genetic analysis of such datasets are becoming available for use in the absence of parental genotypes. This approach can be used to infer mating strategies. The long-term pair bonding seen in mammals, reptiles and birds has not been recorded in freshwater fishes—in every other respect an extremely diverse group. This study shows that multi-year pair bonding occurs in an Australian Percichthyid fish that exhibits paternal care of eggs and larvae. Using SNPs, full sibling pairs of larvae were found over multiple years in a three-year study. Stable isotope signatures of the larvae support the genetic inference that full sibling pairs shared a common mother, the ultimate source of that isotopic signature during oogenesis. Spatial and temporal clustering also suggests that the full sibling larvae are unlikely to be false positive identifications of the probabilistic identification of siblings. For the first time, we show multi-year pair bonding in a wild freshwater fish. This will have important conservation and management implications for the species. This approach could provide insights into many behavioural, ecological and evolutionary questions, particularly if this is not a unique case. Our findings are likely to initiate interest in seeking more examples of monogamy and alternative mating strategies in freshwater fishes, particularly if others improve methods of analysis of SNP data for identification of siblings in the absence of parental genotypes.

scholarly journals Multi-year pair-bonding in Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J Couch ◽  
Fiona J Dyer ◽  
Mark Lintermans
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Molecular Ecology ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Full Sibling

Mating strategies in fishes are known to include polygyny, polyandry and monogamy and provide valuable insights regarding powerful evolutionary forces such as sexual selection. Monogamy is a complex of mating systems that has been relatively neglected. Previous work on mating strategies in fishes has often been based on observation and focused on marine species rather than freshwater fishes. SNPs are increasingly being used as a molecular ecology tool in non-model organisms, and methods of probabilistic genetic analysis of such datasets are becoming available for use in the absence of parental genotypes. This approach can be used to infer mating strategies. The long-term pair bonding seen in mammals, reptiles and birds has not been recorded in freshwater fishes – in every other respect an extremely diverse group. This study shows that multi-year pair bonding occurs in an Australian Percichthyid fish. Using SNPs full sibling pairs of larvae were found over multiple years in a three-year study. Stable isotope signatures of the larvae support the genetic inference that full sibling pairs shared a common mother, the ultimate source of that isotopic signature during oogenesis. Spatial clustering also suggests that the full sibling larvae are unlikely to be false positive identifications of the probabilistic identification of siblings. For the first time, we show multi-year pair bonding in a freshwater fish. This will have important conservation and management implications for the species. This approach could provide insights into many behavioural, ecological and evolutionary questions, particularly if this is not a unique case. Our findings are likely to initiate interest in seeking more examples of monogamy and alternative mating strategies in freshwater fishes, particularly as others improve methods of analysis of SNP data for identification of siblings in the absence of parental genotypes.

scholarly journals Multi-year pair-bonding in Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J Couch ◽  
Fiona J Dyer ◽  
Mark Lintermans
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Molecular Ecology ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Full Sibling

Mating strategies in fishes are known to include polygyny, polyandry and monogamy and provide valuable insights regarding powerful evolutionary forces such as sexual selection. Monogamy is a complex of mating systems that has been relatively neglected. Previous work on mating strategies in fishes has often been based on observation and focused on marine species rather than freshwater fishes. SNPs are increasingly being used as a molecular ecology tool in non-model organisms, and methods of probabilistic genetic analysis of such datasets are becoming available for use in the absence of parental genotypes. This approach can be used to infer mating strategies. The long-term pair bonding seen in mammals, reptiles and birds has not been recorded in freshwater fishes – in every other respect an extremely diverse group. This study shows that multi-year pair bonding occurs in an Australian Percichthyid fish. Using SNPs full sibling pairs of larvae were found over multiple years in a three-year study. Stable isotope signatures of the larvae support the genetic inference that full sibling pairs shared a common mother, the ultimate source of that isotopic signature during oogenesis. Spatial clustering also suggests that the full sibling larvae are unlikely to be false positive identifications of the probabilistic identification of siblings. For the first time, we show multi-year pair bonding in a freshwater fish. This will have important conservation and management implications for the species. This approach could provide insights into many behavioural, ecological and evolutionary questions, particularly if this is not a unique case. Our findings are likely to initiate interest in seeking more examples of monogamy and alternative mating strategies in freshwater fishes, particularly as others improve methods of analysis of SNP data for identification of siblings in the absence of parental genotypes.

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Loneliness in Children

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley McGuire ◽  
Jeanie Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Dizygotic Twin ◽  
Adoptive Families ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
Loneliness Scale ◽  
Sibling Design ◽  
Significant Heritability ◽  
Adoption Design

This report presents the results of the first behavioral genetic studies of children's loneliness. Data were collected using both an adoption design and a twin-sibling design. As part of the Colorado Adoption Project, 133 sibling pairs (69 biologically related pairs and 64 unrelated pairs in adoptive families) completed a general loneliness scale when they were 9, 10, 11, and 12 years old. As part of the San Diego Sibling Study, 142 sibling pairs (22 monozygotic twin, 40 dizygotic twin, and 80 full-sibling pairs) between the ages of 8 and 14 years old completed a scale assessing loneliness at school. Both studies showed significant heritability and nonshared environmental influences for children's loneliness.

scholarly journals Evolution of male strategies with sex-ratio–dependent pay-offs: connecting pair bonds with grandmothering

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1729) ◽  
pp. 20170041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara L. Loo ◽  
Kristen Hawkes ◽  
Peter S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Pair Bonds

Men's provisioning of mates and offspring has been central to ideas about human evolution because paternal provisioning is absent in our closest evolutionary cousins, the great apes, and is widely assumed to result in pair bonding, which distinguishes us from them. Yet mathematical modelling has shown that paternal care does not readily spread in populations where competition for multiple mates is the common male strategy. Here we add to models that point to the mating sex ratio as an explanation for pairing as pay-offs to mate guarding rise with a male-biased sex ratio. This is of interest for human evolution because our grandmothering life history shifts the mating sex ratio from female- to male-biased. Using a difference equation model, we explore the relative pay-offs for three competing male strategies (dependant care, multiple mating, mate guarding) in response to changing adult sex ratios. When fertile females are abundant, multiple mating prevails. As they become scarce, mate guarding triumphs. The threshold for this shift depends on guarding efficiency. Combined with mating sex ratios of hunter–gatherer and chimpanzee populations, these results strengthen the hypothesis that the evolution of our grandmothering life history propelled the shift to pair bonding in the human lineage. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.

What love has to do with it: An attachment perspective on pair bonding and sexual behavior

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Zayas ◽  
Daphna Ram
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Short Term

AbstractDel Giudice proposes that short-term mating strategies are adaptive for attachment-avoidant men. We argue that this model (1) does not apply to the majority of avoidant men (fearful-avoidants); (2) is based on limited evidence that the remaining subset of avoidant men (dismissing-avoidants) engage in short-term mating strategies; and (3) disregards the importance of pair bonding even for dismissing-avoidants.

scholarly journals Associations of autozygosity with a broad range of human phenotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David W Clark ◽  
Yukinori Okada ◽  
Kristjan H S Moore ◽  
Dan Mason ◽  
Nicola Pirastu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Runs Of Homozygosity ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
Genomic Inbreeding ◽  
Close Relatives

Abstract In many species, the offspring of related parents suffer reduced reproductive success, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. In humans, the importance of this effect has remained unclear, partly because reproduction between close relatives is both rare and frequently associated with confounding social factors. Here, using genomic inbreeding coefficients (FROH) for >1.4 million individuals, we show that FROH is significantly associated (p < 0.0005) with apparently deleterious changes in 32 out of 100 traits analysed. These changes are associated with runs of homozygosity (ROH), but not with common variant homozygosity, suggesting that genetic variants associated with inbreeding depression are predominantly rare. The effect on fertility is striking: FROH equivalent to the offspring of first cousins is associated with a 55% decrease [95% CI 44–66%] in the odds of having children. Finally, the effects of FROH are confirmed within full-sibling pairs, where the variation in FROH is independent of all environmental confounding.

Self-employment: the significance of ability, desire and opportunity

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 538-552
Author(s):  
Per Broomé ◽  
Henrik Ohlsson
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
Twin Model ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Family Factor ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Half Sibling

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of ability, desire and opportunity on the individual’s intention to be self-employed.Design/methodology/approachThe authors created a database from Swedish national registers consisting of all individuals residing in Sweden sometime during the period 1997-2010 and selected all 333,001 full sibling pairs, 12,810 maternal half sibling pairs and 15,944 paternal half sibling pairs. Three types of entrepreneurs were defined based on information from the Swedish Tax Register. The authors divided the intention to be self-employed into ability and desire and defined ability as a genetic factor and desire as a common family factor. A classical twin model was used to separate the variance of the outcome variables into genetic, common and unshared environmental factors.FindingsThe study demonstrates that the influence from opportunity on the intention to be self-employed is generally strong and that all factors, ability, desire and opportunity, differ, both in size and content, for the three outcomes of entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThe authors divide self-employment into three distinct company types, which enables a sophisticated additive genetic analysis of the ability, desire and opportunity to be self-employed. The authors contribute to the understanding of why individuals become self-employed by examining the influences from internal and external factors of family on the intentions of self-employment.

scholarly journals The association between cannabis abuse and subsequent schizophrenia: a Swedish national co-relative control study

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Giordano ◽  
H. Ohlsson ◽  
K. Sundquist ◽  
J. Sundquist ◽  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Population Sample ◽  
Population Based ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
Cannabis Abuse ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
General Swedish Population ◽  
Half Sibling

BackgroundAlthough cannabis abuse (CA) is known to be associated with schizophrenia, the causal nature of this association is unclear, with prodromal effects complicating its interpretation.MethodFrom Swedish national registry databases, we used a co-relative case–control design with full-sibling, half-sibling and first-cousin comparisons, alongside a general Swedish population sample. Using ICD codes, 5456 individuals with an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia (2000–2010) were matched with five schizophrenia-free controls. We further identified first-cousin, half-sibling and full-sibling pairs discordant for CA and statistically extrapolated results for discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins.ResultsWithin the general Swedish population, CA was strongly associated with later schizophrenia [odds ratio (OR) 10.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.99–12.11]. This association was substantially attenuated both by increasing temporal delays between CA exposure and schizophrenia diagnosis and by controlling for increasing degrees of familial confounding. Extrapolated discordant MZ pairs suggested that fully controlling for confounding familial factors reduced the association between CA and later schizophrenia to more modest levels (ORs of approximately 3.3 and 1.6 with 3- and 7-year temporal delays respectively). Opiate, sedative, cocaine/stimulant and hallucinogen abuse were also strongly associated with subsequent schizophrenia in the general population. After controlling for familial confounding, only cocaine/stimulant exposure remained associated.ConclusionsCA has an appreciable causal impact on future risk for schizophrenia. However, population-based estimates of cannabis–schizophrenia co-morbidity substantially overestimate their causal association. Predictions of the cases of schizophrenia that might be prevented by reduced cannabis consumption based on population associations are therefore likely to be considerably overestimated.

scholarly journals Trust Among Siblings is Intuitive

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kenji Medeiros Shiramizu ◽  
Iris Jasmin Holzleitner ◽  
Kieran J. O'Shea ◽  
Vanessa Fasolt ◽  
Lisa Marie DeBruine
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Baseline Level ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
The Relationship

Research on whether prosocial behavior is deliberate or intuitive typically uses decision time in economic games as a proxy for the automaticity of underlying cognitive processes. We investigate the relationship between trust and decision time in a sample with a predicted high baseline level of cooperative behavior and low conflict between self-interested and cooperative motives: biological siblings. Sixty-three full sibling pairs played for money in a one-shot trust game. We found a significant negative linear (rather than quadratic) effect of trust on decision time: the more money a sibling was trusted with, the quicker the decision was made. These results suggest that trust among siblings is intuitive and largely based on automatic and effortless processes.

scholarly journals Leveraging targeted sequencing for non-model species: a step-by-step guide to obtain a reduced SNP set and a pipeline to automate data processing in the Antarctic Midge, Belgica antarctica

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor A. C. Pavinato ◽  
Saranga Wijeratne ◽  
Drew Spacht ◽  
David L. Denlinger ◽  
Tea Meulia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Molecular Ecology ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Reduced Representation ◽  
Bioinformatic Tools ◽  
Belgica Antarctica ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractThe sequencing of whole or partial (e.g. reduced representation) genomes are commonly employed in molecular ecology and conservation genetics studies. However, due to sequencing costs, a trade-off between the number of samples and genome coverage can hinder research for non-model organisms. Furthermore, the processing of raw sequences requires familiarity with coding and bioinformatic tools that are not always available. Here, we present a guide for isolating a set of short, SNP-containing genomic regions for use with targeted amplicon sequencing protocols. We also present a python pipeline--PypeAmplicon-- that facilitates processing of reads to individual genotypes. We demonstrate the applicability of our method by generating an informative set of amplicons for genotyping of the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, an endemic dipteran species of the Antarctic Peninsula. Our pipeline analyzed raw sequences produced by a combination of high-multiplexed PCR and next-generation sequencing. A total of 38 out of 47 (81%) amplicons designed by our panel were recovered, allowing successful genotyping of 42 out of 55 (76%) targeted SNPs. The sequencing of ∼150 bp around the targeted SNPs also uncovered 80 new SNPs, which complemented our analyses. By comparing overall patterns of genetic diversity and population structure of amplicon data with the low-coverage, whole-genome re-sequencing (lcWGR) data used to isolate the informative amplicons, we were able to demonstrate that amplicon sequencing produces information and results similar to that of lcWGR. Our methods will benefit other research programs where rapid development of population genetic data is needed but yet prevented due to high expense and a lack of bioinformatic experience.

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