scholarly journals Improving insect conservation across heterogeneous landscapes using species–habitat networks

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10563
Author(s):  
Andree Cappellari ◽  
Lorenzo Marini
Keyword(s):  
Protected Area ◽  
Species Assemblages ◽  
Bipartite Network ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Habitat Network ◽  
Habitat Patches ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Habitat Networks ◽  
Specialist Species

Background One of the biggest challenges in conservation is to manage multiple habitats for the effective conservation of multiple species, especially when the focal species are mobile and use multiple resources across heterogeneous protected areas. The application of ecological network tools and the analysis of the resulting species–habitat networks can help to describe such complex spatial associations and improve the conservation of species at the landscape scale. Methods To exemplify the application of species–habitat networks, we present a case study on butterflies inhabiting multiple grassland types across a heterogeneous protected area in North-East Italy. We sampled adult butterflies in 44 sites, each belonging to one of the five major habitat types in the protected area, that is, disturbed grasslands, continuous grasslands, evolved grasslands, hay meadows and wet meadows. First, we applied traditional diversity analyses to explore butterfly species richness and evenness. Second, we built and analyzed both the unipartite network, linking habitat patches via shared species, and the bipartite network, linking species to individual habitat patches. Aims (i) To describe the emerging properties (connectance, modularity, nestedness, and robustness) of the species–habitat network at the scale of the whole protected area, and (ii) to identify the key habitats patches for butterfly conservation across the protected area, that is, those supporting the highest number of species and those with unique species assemblages (e.g., hosting specialist species). Results The species–habitat network appeared to have a weak modular structure, meaning that the main habitat types tended to host different species assemblages. However, the habitats also shared a large proportion of species that were able to visit multiple habitats and use resources across the whole study area. Even butterfly species typically considered as habitat specialists were actually observed across multiple habitat patches, suggesting that protecting them only within their focal habitat might be ineffective. Our species–habitat network approach helped identifying both central habitat patches that were able to support the highest number of species, and habitat patches that supported rare specialist species.

scholarly journals Habitat patches providing south–north connectivity are under-protected in a fragmented landscape

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1957) ◽  
pp. 20211010
Author(s):  
Thomas J. P. Travers ◽  
Jamie Alison ◽  
Sarah D. Taylor ◽  
Humphrey Q. P. Crick ◽  
Jenny A. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Fragmented Landscape ◽  
Habitat Patches ◽  
As Species ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Habitat Networks ◽  
Specialist Species ◽  
Priority Habitat ◽  
Habitat Specialist Species

As species’ ranges shift to track climate change, conservationists increasingly recognize the need to consider connectivity when designating protected areas (PAs). In fragmented landscapes, some habitat patches are more important than others in maintaining connectivity, and methods are needed for their identification. Here, using the Condatis methodology, we model range expansion through an adaptation of circuit theory. Specifically, we map ‘flow’ through 16 conservation priority habitat networks in England, quantifying how patches contribute to functional South–North connectivity. We also explore how much additional connectivity could be protected via a connectivity-led protection procedure. We find high-flow patches are often left out of existing PAs; across 12 of 16 habitat networks, connectivity protection falls short of area protection by 13.6% on average. We conclude that the legacy of past protection decisions has left habitat-specialist species vulnerable to climate change. This situation may be mirrored in many countries which have similar habitat protection principles. Addressing this requires specific planning tools that can account for the directions species may shift. Our connectivity-led reserve selection procedure efficiently identifies additional PAs that prioritize connectivity, protecting a median of 40.9% more connectivity in these landscapes with just a 10% increase in area.

scholarly journals Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the Kameng Protected Area Complex, western Arunachal Pradesh, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 9053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sondhi ◽  
Krushnamegh Kunte
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Wildlife Sanctuary ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Tiger Reserve ◽  
Annotated Checklist

The butterflies of the Kameng Protected Area Complex in western Arunachal Pradesh, India, covering the protected areas of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Pakke Tiger Reserve and Sessa Orchid Wildlife Sanctuary were surveyed over a 5-year period (2009–2014).  A total of 421 butterfly species were recorded during the survey, including two species new to India (Gonepteryx amintha thibetana and Bhutanitis ludlowi) and several species rediscoveries and range extensions in the Eastern Himalaya, most notably Arhopala belphoebe, Sovia separata magna, Aulocera saraswati vishnu, Calinaga aborica, Callerebia annada annada, and Callerebria scanda opima.  Here we provide an annotated checklist of butterflies of the Kameng Protected Area Complex, including historical records, distributions, abundance, habitats and other notes on these 421 species. An additional 42 species recorded in older literature or by other authors in recent times are also listed, taking the total number of species recorded in the landscape to 463.  

scholarly journals A checklist of the non-acarine arachnids (Chelicerata: Arachnida) of the Ndumo Game Reserve, Maputaland, South Africa

Koedoe ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. Haddad ◽  
A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman ◽  
W. Wesołowska
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Acacia Tortilis ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Floodplain Vegetation ◽  
Game Reserve ◽  
Sand Forest ◽  
Fig Tree

Arachnids (Chelicerata: Arachnida) were collected in the Ndumo Game Reserve (Maputaland, South Africa) during 11 collecting trips in the period 2000–2006. Sampling was undertaken by various methods in eight broad habitat types: Acacia tortilis savanna; Acacia xanthophloea (fever tree) forests; deciduous broadleaf woodland; Ficus (wild fig tree) forests; floodplain vegetation; riparian forest; sand forest; and subtropical bush. In total, 457 species of arachnids were collected, representing six orders, 59 families and 240 determined genera. The most diverse order was the Araneae (46 families, 431 spp.), followed by the Pseudoscorpiones (6 families, 12 spp.), Scorpiones (3 families, 8 spp.), Opiliones (2 families, 3 spp.), Solifugae (1 family, 2 spp.) and Amblypygi (a single species). The most diverse families all belonged to the Araneae: Salticidae (82 spp.), Thomisidae (56 spp.) and Araneidae (38 spp.). The spider diversity is the highest recorded from any protected area in South Africa so far, and represents approximately 22 % of the country’s spider fauna. The habitat and guild associations of each species are provided.

7. The future of the world’s reptiles

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
T. S. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Considerable Reduction ◽  
Commercial Exploitation ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The Future ◽  
Important Approach

The world’s reptile fauna is facing the threat of a considerable reduction in the number of species. One estimate is that by 2050 over 500 species, around 5 per cent, will have been lost. By 2080, the figure will have grown to 20 per cent, which is approximately 2,000 species. ‘The future of the world’s reptiles’ explains that the threats to reptiles are: commercial exploitation for food, medicines, and ornament; habitat destruction; global climate change; and pollution. Any comprehensive effort to conserve needs to address all of these. By far the most important way to conserve reptiles is setting up and regulating various kinds of protected area. Another important approach is legislation to control trade in reptiles.

Habitat-specific distributions of some fishes in a tropical estuary

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 827 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Sheaves
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Epinephelus Coioides ◽  
Tropical Estuary ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Fish Traps ◽  
Tropical Australia ◽  
Sampling Trip ◽  
Probability Of Capture

The species richness of fishes and the distributions of six fish species were compared among four habitat types, snaggy banks, clear banks, mud banks and mid channels, in an estuary in tropical Australia. Both day and night samples were collected in fish traps, on four occasions, three months apart. On each sampling trip the highest number of species was trapped from snaggy habitats, intermediate numbers from clear banks or mud banks, and the fewest species from mid channels. Although more species occurred in night than in day samples, the pattern of difference among habitats was consistent. The probability of capture of the six most abundant species, Acanthopagrus australis, Acanthopagrus berda, Arothron manilensis, Arius argyropleuron, Epinephelus coioides and Lutjanus russelli, was compared among habitat types and between day and night samples. Overall, snag habitats tended to be associated with high probabilities of capture of a number of species, particularly A. berda and L. russelli. At night, mid channels were characterized by high numbers of A. argyropleuron. Clear and mud banks, and day samples from mid channels were associated with low numbers of most species.

scholarly journals Butterfly diversity of Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja District, Gandaki Province, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 18827-18845
Author(s):  
Kismat Neupane ◽  
Mahamad Sayab Miya
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Butterfly Diversity ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index

A study was carried out to find the butterfly species diversity and abundance in Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja, Gandaki, Nepal, from June 2019 to July 2020. Pollard walk method was used for data collection in three different habitat types: forest, agricultural land, and settlement area. The study was performed in all seasons: pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter. A total of 180 butterfly species from 108 genera and six families were recorded. The overall Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was 4.48. The highest diversity was represented by the Nymphalidae with 67 species (H= 3.79). Butterfly diversity and species abundance was highest in the forest area (147 species, 1199 individuals; H= 4.47). The highest species richness (109 species) was observed in the monsoon season.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLIES (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) IN CAMPUS AREA INDRALAYA SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH SUMATRA

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syafrina Lamin ◽  
Nirmila Sari ◽  
Doni Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Science Faculty ◽  
Law Faculty ◽  
Evenness Index ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Collection Methods

Research on Diversity and distribution of butterflies, was held at the Campus Indralaya Sriwijaya University of South Sumatra. The purpose of this study was to obtain information species diversity of butterflies at the Sriwijaya University of Inderalaya and distribution of species of butterflies in several different habitat types in the campus area Unsri Indralaya. The study used purposive and collection methods in November 2014-january 2015. Sampling sites were divided into five locations: Arboretum, Science Faculty, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Agriculture and Swamp Cape Disconnect. The parameters used are the index of species diversity, dominance index, and evenness index. The results showed that the diversity of butterflies in the region is classified as moderate. Overall found as many as 40 species of butterflies with a number of 609 individuals consisting of 5 the Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, and Hesperiidae. Regions Sriwijaya University has a diversity of butterflies that were moderate with criteria (H'1≤H'≤3), in each different habitat types, and not found butterfly species that dominate in every type of habitat in this Unsri region. Distribution of butterflies found in the campus area Unsri Indralaya categorized fairly evenly with a range of values from 0.58 to 0.68.Keywords: Butterflies,  Diversity,  Distribution , Sriwijaya University of Indralaya

scholarly journals Distribution and composition of butterfly species along the latitudinal and habitat gradients of the Western Ghats of India

Check List ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Padhye ◽  
Sheetal Shelke ◽  
Neelesh Dahanukar
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Habitat Gradients ◽  
Western Ghats Of India ◽  
Southern Western Ghats ◽  
The Western Ghats ◽  
Forest Habitats

Distribution of butterfly species along the latitudinal and habitat gradients of the Western Ghats was studied. The Western Ghats was divided into 14 latitude zones and the species diversity in each latitude zone, along with habitats of their occurrence, were studied using the data from literature survey for the entire Western Ghats as well as data from personal observations in the areas between 14°N to 20°N latitudes. Out of 334 species recorded from the Western Ghats, 58 species were found in all latitudinal zones, while 5 species were reported in only one latitudinal zone. Further, southern Western Ghats consisted of more number of species and more number of genera as compared to northern Western Ghats. Latitudinal zones between 10°N to 12°N had most of the Western Ghats endemic species. Habitat wise distribution of species revealed three significant clusters grossly separated by the level of human disturbance. Evergreen forest habitats supported maximum number of species endemic to the Western Ghats.

scholarly journals LA MALACOFAUNA DE LA ZONA COSTERA DE SANTA MARTA Y PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL TAYRONA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Molluscan Species

Based on intesive collectings and published informations an inventory of molluscan species known from the Santa Marta - Tayrona National Natural Park coastal area was performed, including data on substrate and depth preferences of each species. Of a total of 727 species, 485 are gastropods, 214 bivalves, 13 polyplacophorans, 10 scaphopods, and 5 cephalopods. Most species occur in sandy bottoms with seagrass and in rock-rubble zones in shallow water. The high number of species occurring in this region can be explained by the availability of different habitat types and der s in a reduced area and through historic-biogeographic features of this region.

scholarly journals BUTTERFLIES OF GUNUNG HALIMUN-SALAK NATIONAL PARK, JAVA, INDONESIA, WITH AN OVERVIEW OF THE AREA IMPORTANCE

TREUBIA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djunijanti Peggie ◽  
Harmonis Harmonis
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Butterfly Diversity ◽  
Number Of Species

Data on the occurrence of butterfly species at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park is presented based on collections and observations obtained in 2004, 2007, 2009 and 2010. In total, 161 butterfly species (10 Hesperiidae, 23 Lycaenidae, 86 Nymphalidae, 17 Papilionidae, 21 Pieridae, and 4 Riodinidae) were recorded. Of the total number of species, 133 were recorded from Gunung Halimun and 82 were recorded from Gunung Salak. The occurrence of butterflies at this national park was compared with data known from other localities in Java. The significance of Gunung Halimun-Salak NP in terms of the butterfly diversity is discussed.

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