fig tree
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2022 ◽  
Vol 951 (1) ◽  
pp. 012062
Author(s):  
J Jauharlina ◽  
A Anhar ◽  
M Minarti

Abstract Fig trees (Ficus spp.) and their pollinating wasps (Hymenoptera; Agaonindae) are a unique system to study mutualism. Female fig wasps deposit eggs and develop their progeny in galled female flowers inside the figs, while fig wasps pollinate females flower inside the same figs. A study investigating fig tree species composition and pollinating wasps was conducted at Universitas Syiah Kuala campus, Banda Aceh. We recorded all fig tree species found in the area from Dec 2020 until June 2021. Ten semi-ripe fig fruits on each fig tree were sampled and brought to the laboratory to examine the wasps inside. We recorded 112 individuals fig trees that belonged to 11 species; most of them were monoecious species. The most abundant species was Ficus altissima, followed by F. Benjamina, and F. macrocarpa, while the least was F.racemosa and F. carica. A number of 20.7± 6.5 (Mean ± SE) female pollinator Eupristina koningsbergeri was counted in a single fig of F. benjamina compared to 350.4±45.4 (Mean ± SE) Ceratosolen fusciceps female wasps in fig of F.racemosa. This study has provided an example of obligate mutualism between different species in the local area, which has been observed since a long time ago.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3138
Author(s):  
Dámaris Núñez-Gómez ◽  
Pilar Legua ◽  
Juan José Martínez-Nicolás ◽  
Pablo Melgarejo

Although most of the published articles generalize with the fruit of the fig tree (Ficus carica L.), the differentiation between fig and breba is increasingly common in the bibliography. In this regard, keep in mind that the fig tree generally produces two crops a year, the parthenocarpic breba, also called as early fig, and the main non-parthenocarpic crop, the fig proper. In this study, four brebas varieties (‘Colar’, ‘SuperFig1’, ‘Cuello de Dama Negro’ and ‘San Antonio’) were selected in order to identify compositional, nutritional, and chemical diversity. These varieties were chosen for their commercial relevance in Spain. Color (internal and external), fruit and peel weight, size, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index (MI), sugar, and organic content were determined for all the breba fruits samples. In addition, polyphenolic profile, amino acids, and volatile aromatic compounds were also identified. The varieties ‘Colar’ and ‘SuperFig1’ showed the highest fruit weight and size, while ‘Cuello de Dama Negro’ presented the higher pulp yield. The higher organic acid and sugar contents were determined for ‘SuperFig1’ and ‘Cuello de Dama Negro’, respectively. Although in low concentrations, the phenolic compound quercetin 3-(6-O-acetyl-beta-glucoside) and the amino acid tyrosine were only detected in the ‘’Cuello de Dama Negra’ and ‘SuperFig1’ fruits, respectively. Of the eighty volatile aromatic compounds identified, only eight were common in four varieties. An important knowledge gap was identified in relation to the characterization of the two Ficus carica L. crops, that is, the differentiation and specification in the literature when working with brebas and/or figs.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2564
Author(s):  
Chunying Li ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
Yao Tian ◽  
Meiting Yu ◽  
Sen Shi ◽  
...  

Fig tree cultivation land resources are not fully utilized and introducing them into sustainable medicinal agroforestry systems can effectively achieve resource protection and reuse. Laboratory and pot experiments were applied to study the allelopathic effects of fig tree (Ficus carica L.) leaf aqueous extract at five mass concentrations of 8.3, 10.0, 12.5, 16.7, and 25.0 g/L on the morphological and physiological indexes of mint (Mentha haplocalyx Briq.), dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.), and woad (Isatis indigotica Fort.). The results showed that mint had the best seed germination rate. The leaf aqueous extract at lower concentrations had a strong promoting effect on the biomass and photosynthetic parameters of mint, dandelion, and woad. With the increase in leaf aqueous extract concentration, the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activity of mint, dandelion, and woad increased initially and then decreased, but the malondialdehyde content increased. The synthetic allelopathic indexes of the three medicinal plants were in the following order: mint >woad >dandelion. Both the low and medium concentration extracts (8.3 g/L-12.5 g/L) showed an obvious promoting effect, while high concentrations exhibited distinct inhibiting effects. In conclusion, mint is the most suitable medicinal plant to be interplanted with fig trees for introduction into medicinal agroforestry systems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
George H. Guthrie
Keyword(s):  
Fig Tree ◽  

AbstractThis article considers Mark's account of the cursing of the fig tree, read in conjunction with Jesus’ temple action. Having reviewed recent proposals on the literary shape of Mark 11.1–12.12, the article proposes a fresh reading of the section's structure. Triple introductions at 11.11, 11.15 and 11.27 are shown to match triple conclusions at 11.11, 11.19 and 12.12, these constituents framing interwoven units running from 11.11 to 12.12. The pattern of triple intercalation suggests that the cursing of the fig tree and Jesus’ temple action should be interpreted one in light of the other. The article then considers the intertextual relationship between Mark's narrative and the scriptural texts it evokes. The study uncovers previously neglected echoes vital for understanding the significance of Jesus’ cursing of the fig tree and temple action. The ‘casting out’ motif in Jeremiah 7–8, as dramatically portrayed in Jesus’ temple action, is set forth as heralding a ‘renewed exile’ for those who reject Jesus’ message, while the mirror motif of ‘ingathering’ in Isa 56.1–8, accentuated by the ‘withered tree’ imagery of 56.3, heralds new opportunity, with those who were previously outsiders to the temple made insiders in the eschatological house of prayer.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela Fontanetti Rodrigues ◽  
Ana Carolina Firmino ◽  
Juliano Jorge Valentim ◽  
Bruno Ettore Pavan ◽  
Antonio Flávio Arruda Ferreira ◽  
...  

Abstract Brazil is the largest fig producer in South America, but the Brazilian commercial fig tree cultivation is based on the planting of a single cultivar, ‘Roxo-de-Valinhos’, resulting in serious problems related to diseases. Since there are epigenetic variations in the plant-pathogen interaction, mainly through gene regulation, the aim of this study was to carry out the in vivo characterization of fig accessions through the analysis of the natural root-knot nematode and leaf rust incidence correlated to its epigenomic profile, in order to support conservation works and genetic improvement. Regarding the analysis of the presence of nematodes, it was observed that all plants were attacked by this pathogen, and the identification of Meloidogyne incognita as the root-knot nematode species was confirmed. However, the rust incidence and the global genomic methylation content where statistical different between evaluated accessions. The joint analysis of data showed that methylation and the leaf rust incidence, when observed in the same phenological phase of plants, are correlated, presenting evidences of the same factorial pressure loads in genotypes, with the premise of similar behavior in these genotypes. Biotic factors are also responsible for changes in the DNA methylation of plants, demonstrating a positive role in promoting plant defense.


Author(s):  
Pieter Verster

The catastrophic destructions of the Temple in Jewish history led to different reactions. Although they left a serious mark on all of Israel’s future endeavours and the prophets warned the people of the coming disasters, they also proclaimed hope, even after the destruction. Some Jews reacted to it by forming close-knit communities and their commitment to the Torah. It remained a serious challenge to their faith and community life. They carefully studied the prophets to understand the implications of the destructions of the temples. Christians explained that Jesus had to be honoured as Lord after the destruction of the Temple. In the Gospels, Jesus foretold the terrible situation of the demise of the Temple and that his body would be the new Temple. New life is possible in Him and in the coming of the Kingdom. Some exegetes link the cursing of the fig tree by Jesus to the destruction of the temple, but others see it as a general warning to the Jewish people to honour God. It is also very important that the resurrection of Jesus is regarded as the rebuilding of the new temple in his body. After the COVID-19 pandemic, believers as servants of the Lord have to build up the church and empower the community again. This should be done in respect of Jesus the crucified and resurrected Lord. The church has a huge task in this regard, not only by proclaiming Jesus as our only comfort in life and death, but also in the commitment to the building up of the community post-Covid-19. This should be accomplished by humbling and fully following Jesus.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
Alexander Novik ◽  
◽  
Marina Domosiletskaya ◽  
◽  

The article analyzes the role of the fig tree in various spheres of culture of the Albanians, Croats, Greeks, and other peoples of the Balkan Peninsula, as well as the use of its fruit as food and raw material for the production of alcoholic beverages and medicine. Until the 19th century, the pollination of the plant remained a mystery (not even Carl Linnaeus, the “father of botany” and the creator of the modern classification of wildlife species, was able to solve the complex puzzle of nature), which led to the emergence and proliferation of numerous mythologemes, still recorded to date, that are consistently associated with the fig tree. Currently, notions about the magical properties of the plant and its fruit are being transformed under the influence of the global passion for environmentally friendly bio products. The discussion specifically focuses on the mechanism through which such “new meanings” enter the public discourse.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Ru Jiang ◽  
Hayato Masuya ◽  
Hisashi Kajimura

Ficus carica plantations in Japan were first reported to be infested by an ambrosia beetle species, identified as Euwallacea interjectus, in 1996. The purpose of this study was to determine the symbiotic fungi of female adults of E. interjectus emerging from F. carica trees infected with fig wilt disease (FWD). Dispersal adults (51 females) of E. interjectus, which were collected from logs of an infested fig tree in Hiroshima Prefecture, Western Japan, were separated into three respective body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) and used for fungal isolation. Isolated fungi were identified based on the morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data. Over 13 species of associated fungi were detected, of which a specific fungus, Fusarium kuroshium, was dominant in female head (including oral mycangia). The plant-pathogenic fungus of FWD, Ceratocystis ficicola, was not observed within any body parts of E. interjectus. We further discussed the relationship among E. interjectus and its associated fungi in fig tree.


Fruits ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 223-229
Author(s):  
A. Carvalho Miranda ◽  
◽  
T.Y.L. Evangelista ◽  
F.A. Campelo Monte Júnior ◽  
E. Sousa Cavalcante ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Nadja Drabon ◽  
Donald R. Lowe

One of the major challenges in early Earth geology is the interpretation of the nature of the crust and tectonic processes due to the limited exposures of Archean rocks. This question is predominantly addressed by numerical modeling, structural geology, geochemical analyses, and petrological approaches. Here we report on the reconstruction of one of the oldest, well-preserved volcano-sedimentary sequences on Earth, the 3.28−3.22 Ga Fig Tree Group in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, based on geochronology, provenance, and stratigraphy to provide new constraints on the nature of tectonic processes in the Archean. The Fig Tree basin was asymmetric and the onset of deposition varied across the greenstone belt. The Fig Tree Group is now preserved in east-west oriented bands of fault-bounded structural belts with those preserved in the southern parts of the greenstone belt showing an onset of deposition at 3.28 Ga, those in the center at 3.26 Ga, and those in the north at 3.24 Ga. Stratigraphically, the rocks display a general up-section trend from deeper to shallower-water deposition and/or from finer- to coarser-grained sedimentary rocks. Associated with this up-section stratigraphic trend, the sedimentary rocks show a change in provenance from more regionally similar to more locally variable, and an increase in felsic volcanic activity, especially toward the closure of Fig Tree deposition. The data is consistent with formation of the Fig Tree Group in a compressional tectonic setting by deposition in a foreland basin that experienced progressive accretion of crustal terranes onto a northward prograding fold-and-thrust belt.


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