scholarly journals Honey bees communicate distance via non-linear waggle duration functions

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11187
Author(s):  
Patrick L. Kohl ◽  
Benjamin Rutschmann
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Break Point ◽  
Phase Duration ◽  
Simple Linear Model ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Precise Shape ◽  
Bee Foraging ◽  
Duration Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

Honey bees (genus Apis) can communicate the approximate location of a resource to their nestmates via the waggle dance. The distance to a goal is encoded by the duration of the waggle phase of the dance, but the precise shape of this distance-duration relationship is ambiguous: earlier studies (before the 1990s) proposed that it is non-linear, with the increase in waggle duration flattening with distance, while more recent studies suggested that it follows a simple linear function (i.e. a straight line). Strikingly, authors of earlier studies trained bees to much longer distances than authors of more recent studies, but unfortunately they usually measured the duration of dance circuits (waggle phase plus return phase of the dance), which is only a correlate of the bees’ distance signal. We trained honey bees (A. mellifera carnica) to visit sugar feeders over a relatively long array of distances between 0.1 and 1.7 km from the hive and measured the duration of both the waggle phase and the return phase of their dances from video recordings. The distance-related increase in waggle duration was better described by a non-linear model with a decreasing slope than by a simple linear model. The relationship was equally well captured by a model with two linear segments separated at a “break-point” at 1 km distance. In turn, the relationship between return phase duration and distance was sufficiently well described by a simple linear model. The data suggest that honey bees process flight distance differently before and beyond a certain threshold distance. While the physiological and evolutionary causes of this behavior remain to be explored, our results can be applied to improve the estimation of honey bee foraging distances based on the decoding of waggle dances.

scholarly journals A review of the effectiveness of operational curtailment for reducing bat fatalities at terrestrial wind farms in North America

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0256382
Author(s):  
Evan M. Adams ◽  
Julia Gulka ◽  
Kathryn A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship

Curtailment of turbine operations during low wind conditions has become an operational minimization tactic to reduce bat mortality at terrestrial wind energy facilities. Site-specific studies have demonstrated that bat activity is higher during lower wind speeds and that operational curtailment can effectively reduce fatalities. However, the exact nature of the relationship between curtailment cut-in speed and bat fatality reduction remains unclear. To evaluate the efficacy of differing curtailment regimes in reducing bat fatalities, we examined data from turbine curtailment experiments in the United States and Canada in a meta-analysis framework. We used multiple statistical models to explore possible linear and non-linear relationships between turbine cut-in speed and bat fatality. Because the overall sample size for this meta-analysis was small (n = 36 control-treatment studies from 17 wind farms), we conducted a power analysis to assess the number of control-treatment curtailment studies needed to understand the relationship between fatality reduction and change in cut-in speed. We also identified the characteristics of individual curtailment field studies that may influence their power to detect fatality reductions, and in turn, contribute to future meta-analyses. We found strong evidence that implementing turbine curtailment reduces fatality rates of bats at wind farms; the estimated fatality ratio across all studies was 0.37 (p < 0.001), or a 63% decrease in fatalities. However, the nature of the relationship between the magnitude of treatment and reduction in fatalities was more difficult to assess. Models that represented the response ratio as a continuous variable (e.g., with a linear relationship between the change in cut-in speed and fatalities) and a categorical variable (to allow for possible non-linearity in this relationship) both had substantial support when compared using AICc. The linear model represented the best fit, likely due to model simplicity, but the non-linear model was the most likely without accounting for parsimony and suggested fatality rates decreased when the difference in curtailment cut-in speeds was 2m/s or larger. The power analyses showed that the power to detect effects in the meta-analysis was low if fatality reductions were less than 50%, which suggests that smaller increases in cut-in speed (i.e., between different treatment categories) may not be easily detectable with the current dataset. While curtailment is an effective operational mitigation measure overall, additional well-designed curtailment studies are needed to determine precisely whether higher cut-in speeds can further reduce bat fatalities.

scholarly journals Lidiando con el burnout: Análisis de relaciones lineales, no lineales y de interacción.

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 722 ◽  
Author(s):  
José García-Arroyo ◽  
Amparo Osca
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Personal Accomplishment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
College Professors ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Adaptive Nature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationships ◽  
Practical Implications

<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">This study analyzes the relationship between action-focused coping, emotion-focused coping and burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, cynicism and personal accomplishment) by comparing linear, non-linear and interaction models using quadratic regression analysis. The sample consisted of 202 college professors. Variables such as gender or age were not significant when explaining the relationship between coping and burnout. The results show significant negative relationships between emotion-focused coping and exhaustion and cynicism, and positive relationships with personal accomplishment (linear model). They also show that very low or very high levels of emotion-focused coping diminish personal accomplishment significantly (non-linear model), and that the combined effect of strategies is significant, so that when the use of emotion-focused coping is greater than the use of action-focused coping, exhaustion increases and personal accomplishment decreases. These results support the idea that in order to better understand the flexible and adaptive nature of coping and that it operates in a combined process where one strategy affects the other, the application of non-linear and interaction models are very useful. Finally, we discuss the practical implications for future research and for prevention and intervention programs on burnout.</span></p>

scholarly journals Application of linear and non-linear P-sorption models for describing phosphate transport.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-390
Author(s):  
S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee ◽  
F. Leus ◽  
M.J.P.F. Louer
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Phosphate Transport ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Sorption Model ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Simple Linear Model ◽  
Precipitation Model ◽  
Linear Sorption ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Good Agreement

Phosphate transport in small columns was described using a two-site linear sorption model and a non-linear adsorption-precipitation model. Both approaches gave reasonable to good agreement with experimental breakthrough curves. This indicates the applicability of the simple linear model for engineering purposes, besides the general use of the more complex non-linear model. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals CO2 Concentration, A Critical Factor Influencing the Relationship between Solar-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Gross Primary Productivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruonan Qiu ◽  
Ge Han ◽  
Xin Ma ◽  
Zongyao Sha ◽  
Tianqi Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Gross Primary Productivity ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentration ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship

The uncertainty of carbon fluxes of the terrestrial ecosystem is the highest among all flux components, calling for more accurate and efficient means to monitor land sinks. Gross primary productivity (GPP) is a key index to estimate the terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux, which describes the total amount of organic carbon fixed by green plants through photosynthesis. In recent years, the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), which is a probe for vegetation photosynthesis and can quickly reflect the state of vegetation growth, emerges as a novel and promising proxy to estimate GPP. The launch of Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) further makes it possible to estimate GPP at a finer spatial resolution compared with Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) and SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). However, whether the relationship between GPP and SIF is linear or non-linear has always been controversial. In this research, we proposed a new model to estimate GPP using SIF and the atmospheric CO2 concentration from OCO-2 as critical driven factors simultaneously (SIF-CO2-GPP model). Evidences from all sites show that the introduction of the atmospheric CO2 concentration improves accuracies of estimated GPP. Compared with the SIF-CO2-GPP linear model, we found the SIF-GPP model overestimated GPP in summer and autumn but underestimated it in spring and winter. A series of simulation experiments based on SCOPE (Soil-Canopy Observation of Photosynthesis and Energy) was carried out to figure out the possible mechanism of improved estimates of GPP due to the introduction of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. These experiments also demonstrate that there could be a non-linear relationship between SIF and GPP at half an hour timescale. Moreover, such relationships vary with CO2 concentration. As OCO-2 is capable of providing SIF and XCO2 products with identical spatial and temporal scales, the SIF-CO2-GPP linear model would be implemented conveniently to monitor GPP using remotely sensed data. With the help of OCO-3 and its successors, the proposed SIF-CO2-GPP linear model would play a significant role in monitoring GPP accurately in large geographical extents.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Mainstream Cigarette Smoke “Tar” and Nicotine Yields

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 671-684
Author(s):  
MJ Morton ◽  
SW Laffoon ◽  
PJ Lipowicz ◽  
JI Seeman
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Simple Linear Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mainstream Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Nicotine Yield

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between mainstream “tar” and nicotine yields and refine the commonly used linear model with a positive intercept to incorporate non-linearity and product-toproduct differences in filler nicotine content. “Tar” and nicotine yields are examined for a wide range of cigarettes (U.S. and international) using the Cambridge filter (CF), ISO, and the more intense MDPH, and HC smoking methods. Particularly at very low machine yields, a nonlinearity is observed that can be more accurately modeled by a power law relationship, and can be further improved by incorporating the concentration of nicotine in the cigarette filler into the equation. The resultant power law relationship is the better statistical fit to the available data, avoids the physical implausibility of positive nicotine yield at zero “tar” yield and lack of dependence on filler nicotine that are inherent in the simple linear model relating nicotine yield to “tar” yield alone, and explains the nonconstancy of the “tar”-to-nicotine ratio. The relationship between “tar” and nicotine can be affected by the use of very long or very short puff intervals, and, with the same tobacco blend and the same “tar” yield, longer cigarettes tend to have a slightly higher nicotine yield than shorter cigarettes.

Asymmetric Relationship Between Government Revenues and Expenditures in a Developing Economy: Evidence from a Non-linear Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1179-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Ali Raza ◽  
Syed Zaki Hassan ◽  
Arshian Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Developing Economy ◽  
Budgetary Process ◽  
Integration Technique ◽  
The Core ◽  
Symmetry Test ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the revenue–expenditure nexus is the core essence of this research in the Pakistani context. This research examines the non-linear relationship between government revenues and government expenditures during 1972–2014. The recently developed non-linear co-integration technique has been used along with the symmetry test. The result shows that the revenues and expenditures have co-integration and provide the evidence in favour of fiscal synchronization hypothesis in the budgetary process. Moreover, the finding also reveals that the relationship between these two fiscal elements is asymmetric and negative changes in revenues and expenditures have a greater impact than the positive ones. Furthermore, another important aspect that was revealed during the study was that the negative shocks in the revenues will lead towards the drastically large increase in the expenditure.

scholarly journals Characterizing the relationship between temperature and mortality in tropical and subtropical cities: a distributed lag non-linear model analysis in Hue, Viet Nam, 2009–2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Ngoc Dang ◽  
Xerxes T. Seposo ◽  
Nguyen Huu Chau Duc ◽  
Tran Binh Thang ◽  
Do Dang An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship
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