First record of Trichinella in Leopardus guigna (Carnivora, Felidae) and Galictis cuja (Carnivora, Mustelidae): new hosts in Chile

Background Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. It is caused by several species of nematodes in the genus Trichinella. Trichinella spp. are transmitted through predation or carrion consumption and occur in domestic and sylvatic cycles. In humans trichinellosis occurs due to the consumption of raw or undercooked, infected meat and is mainly associated with the household slaughter of pigs or the consumption of game animals without veterinary inspection, a cultural practice that is difficult to resolve. Therefore, knowledge of this parasite’s reservoir is relevant for better implementing public health strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Trichinella sp. in several carnivore and omnivore vertebrates in central-southern Chile. Methods We collected muscle tissue from a total of 53 animals from 15 species and were digested to detect Trichinella larvae which were further identified to species level using molecular techniques. Results We detected Trichinella larvae in Leopardus guigna (Felidae) and Galictis cuja (Mustelidae). We identified the larvae collected from L. guigna as Trichinella spiralis, but we were unable to molecularly characterize the larvae from G. cuja. This is the first record of Trichinella in a native mustelid of South America and the first record of T. spiralis in L. guigna. This study identified two novel hosts; however, further work is needed to identify the role that these and other hosts play in the cycle of Trichinella in Chile.

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Trichinella in Wildlife in Chile With the First Record in Leopardus Guigna and Galictis Cuja

10.21203/rs.3.rs-139571/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Diana Maritza Echeverry ◽

AnaLía Henríquez ◽

Daniel González-Acuña ◽

Carolina Silva-de la Fuente ◽

René Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trichinella Spiralis ◽

First Record ◽

Cultural Practice ◽

Southern Chile ◽

Sylvatic Cycle ◽

Rehabilitation Centers ◽

Artificial Digestion ◽

Infected Meat ◽

Leopardus Guigna

Abstract Background: Trichinellosis is a worldwide distributed disease caused by Trichinella species and also considered neglected and emerging. Trichinella spp. are transmitted by predation or carrion consumption and present a domestic and a sylvatic cycle. Human trichinellosis occurs due to the consumption of raw or poorly cooked infected meat, mainly associated with the household slaughter of pigs without veterinary inspection, a cultural practice that is difficult to resolve. Therefore, the knowledge of the reservoir of this parasite is relevant. Methods: The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Trichinella sp. in several carnivore and omnivore vertebrates in Central-Southern Chile. A total of 61 animals, either found run over or that died in rescue/rehabilitation centers, encompassing 15 species, were examined by artificial digestion for detection of Trichinella larvae, and larvae were molecularly analyzed to identify the species. Results: Trichinella larvae were found in a Leopardus guigna and a Galictis cuja. Only those of L. guigna could be identified as Trichinella spiralis. Conclusions: This is the first record of Trichinella in a native mustelid of South America and the first record of T. spiralis in L. guigna. These results increase the number of hosts, enhancing the need to identify the role of these animals in the reservoir for humans, and highlighting the priority that the study of the rural-sylvatic interphase represents.

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First record and new hosts of Coccophagus shillongensis Hayat and Singh, 1989 (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in Serbia

Phytoparasitica ◽

10.1007/s12600-021-00886-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marina Dervišević ◽

Aleksandar Stojanović ◽

Draga Graora

Keyword(s):

First Record ◽

New Hosts

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SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR EVALUATION OF MIGRATORY TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS LARVAE IN BLOOD OF HUMANS IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0404-441 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 281-289

Author(s):

Paul Isaac Ojodale ◽

Helen Ileigo Inabo ◽

Elijah Ekah Ella ◽

Oluyinka Oluseyi Okubanjo

Keyword(s):

Trichinella Spiralis ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Seroprevalence Rate ◽

Base Pairs ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

Food Borne ◽

Atp6 Gene ◽

Amplicon Size ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Species Specific

Trichinellosis is an important food-borne zoonotic disease with public health implications and a worldwide distribution. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) procedure using species specific ATP6 primers was used to detect the presence of migratory Trichinella spiralis larval mitochondrial ATP6 synthase F0 subunit (ATP6) gene, after detection of antibodies to Trichinella excretory-secretory (E/S) antigen using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), in blood of humans in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. The sera of 210 participants were tested for antibodies to Trichinella E/S antigen. Overall seroprevalence rate of 39% (82/210) was recorded using ELISA. Out of the 9 ELISA samples selected randomly, PCR detected migratory Trichinella spiralis larval ATP6 gene in 4 (44.4%) at the amplicon size of 250 base pairs using the whole blood of the participants. The 9 samples comprised 7 seropositive and 2 seronegative. The bands at lanes 1, 2, 3 and 4 were positive for ATP6 while lanes 5,6,7,8 and 9 were negative for ATP6. Lanes 4 and 5 were ELISA negative for anti-Trichinella antibodies. One in 5 of the 128 ELISA negative samples was positive for ATP6 representing a 25.6% prevalence rate by extrapolation. PCR using ATP6 gene as a genetic marker is valuable for the detection of T. spiralis migratory larvae in blood samples of humans and consequently the early diagnosis of trichinellosis in humans.

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Prevalence and genetic diversity of viruses associated with rugose wood complex in Greek vineyards

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-21-0266-re ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chrysoula Orfanidou ◽

Kalliopi Moraki ◽

Polina Panailidou ◽

Leonidas Lotos ◽

Asimina T Katsiani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

First Record ◽

Grapevine Virus ◽

Multiple Introductions ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

Grapevine Virus A ◽

Transmission Modes ◽

Virus Incidence ◽

Grapevine Virus B ◽

Rupestris Stem Pitting

Rugose wood is one of the most important disease syndromes of grapevine and it has been associated with at least three viruses: grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV), grapevine virus A (GVA) and grapevine virus B (GVB). All three viruses show a worldwide distribution pattern, and their genetic composition has been the focus of extensive research over the past years. Despite their first record in Greece almost 20 years ago, there is a lack of knowledge on the distribution and genetic variability of their populations in Greek vineyards. In this context, we investigated the distribution of GRSPaV, GVA and GVB in rootstocks, self-rooted and grafted grapevine cultivars, originating from different geographic regions that are representing important viticultural areas of Greece. Three new RT-PCR assays were developed for the reliable detection of GRSPaV, GVA and GVB. Our results indicated that GVA is the most prevalent in Greek vineyards, followed by GRSPaV and GVB. However, virus incidence differed among self-rooted and grafted grapevine cultivars or rootstocks tested. Selected isolates from each virus were further molecularly characterized to determine their phylogenetic relationships. All three viruses exhibited high nucleotide diversity, which was depicted in the constructed phylogenetic trees. Isolates from Greece were placed in various phylogroups, reinforcing the scenario of multiple introductions of GVA, GVB and GRSPaV in Greece and highlighting the effect of different transmission modes in the evolutionary course of the three viruses.

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Caryospora bigenetica (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in South America: new hosts and distribution records

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612015002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 101-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lúcio André Viana ◽

Kamilla Costa Mecchi ◽

Leonardo França do Nascimento ◽

Heitor Miraglia Herrera ◽

Paula Helena Santa-Rita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Polar Granule ◽

First Record ◽

Stieda Body ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Sporocyst Residuum ◽

The Family ◽

New Hosts ◽

Crotalus Durissus ◽

Bothrops Moojeni

The coccidian Caryospora bigenetica was first described in the snake Crotalus horridus (Viperidae) from United States of America. This study represents the first record of the occurrence of C. bigenetica in snakes in South America. Feces were sampled between November 2013 and May 2014 from 256 wild snakes maintained in scientific breeding facilities in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS; n = 214) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ; n = 42), Brazil. Caryospora bigenetica was found in 14 (5.6%) snakes, all belonging to the family Viperidae. Ten Bothrops moojeni and two Crotalus durissus from MS were infected. The coccidian was also found in one C. durissus and in one Bothrops jararacussu from the state of RJ. The oocysts were spherical with a double wall, the exterior lightly mammillated, striations apparent in transverse view, 13.0 µm (12 – 14); polar granule fixed in the internal wall. Sporocysts oval or pyriform, 10.0 × 8.0 µm (9 – 11 × 8 – 9); Stieda body discoid; sub-Stieda body present; sporocyst residuum present, formed by a group of spheroid bodies between sporozoites. This study increases the number of viperid hosts of C. bigenetica and expands the geographical distribution to South America.

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New records, a completed list and identification key of mites (Acari) associated with the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

Acarologia ◽

10.24349/acarologia/20194306 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 3-11

Author(s):

Jenő Kontschán ◽

Sándor Hornok

Keyword(s):

First Record ◽

Mite Species ◽

Identification Key ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Stable Flies ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

Blood Sucking ◽

The Family ◽

Medical Importance

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) is a blood-sucking muscid fly species, with a worldwide distribution and high veterinary-medical importance. In this study, four mite species were collected from stable flies in Hungary. One mite species (Trichotrombidium muscarum (Riley, 1878)) from the family Microtrombidiidae was parasitic on the flies, collected in high numbers from their bodies. The other three species were found in small numbers on the flies, which they use only for transportation. The latter included the phoretic female of Pediculaster mesembrinae (Canestrini, 1881) (Acari: Siteroptidae), the phoretic deutonymph of the Halolaelaps sexclavatus (Oudemans, 1902) (Acari: Halolaelapidae) and Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese, 1904) (Acari: Macrochelidae). This is the first record of an association between the stable fly and two mite species (Trichotrombidium muscarum and Halolaelaps sexclavatus). A new, completed list and identification key of known stable fly associated mites are also provided.

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Trichinella spiralis Infection in Blood Donors from Western Romania

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina58010128 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 128

Author(s):

Radu Pavel ◽

Sorin Ursoniu ◽

Ana Alexandra Paduraru ◽

Rodica Lighezan ◽

Maria Alina Lupu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Trichinella Spiralis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Trichinella Infection ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

Western Romania

Background and Objectives: Trichinellosis, a serious and sometimes fatal human disease, is a foodborne zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution caused by parasitic nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Humans are infected with Trichinella larvae through the ingestion of meat that has not been properly cooked. Romania reported most of the confirmed cases of trichinellosis among the EU countries. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate, for the first time, the seroprevalence and risk factors of Trichinella infection in blood donors from Western Romania. Materials and Methods: Serum samples of 1347 consecutive blood donors were investigated using an immunoenzymaticassay (ELISA) for the determination of specific IgG class antibodies against T.spiralis. A questionnaire interview was used to obtain information regarding the potential risk factors associated with T. spiralis infection. Mantel–Haenszel chi-squared test or the Fisher exact two-tailed test, as appropriate, were used for comparison between T. spiralis positive and T. spiralis negative blood donors. Student’s t-test was used to evaluate differences between means in studied groups and body mass index was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info Version 7.2 and Stata 16.1. Results: T. spiralis IgG antibodies were detected in 2.00% (27) of 1347 consecutive blood donors. Eating raw and/or undercooked meat, from pigs or wild boars, was found to be the main risk factor (p < 0.001). Strong alcoholic drink consumption was highly associated with T. spiralis infection (p = 0.009). Trichinella seroprevalence was higher among rural residents and males. Subjects identified as Trichinella seropositive were not previously diagnosed and have not been treated for Trichinella infection with any specific therapy. Conclusions: The demonstration of T. spiralis antibodies in healthy blood donors suggests that Trichinella infection may be detected in asymptomatic individuals that were not previously diagnosed with this zoonosis.

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Diagnóstico laboratorial das meningites bacterianas

Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas ◽

10.9771/cmbio.v10i1.4697 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Fernanda Machado Fonseca ◽

Synara Cecília De Santana ◽

Marcela Machado Fonseca ◽

Ana Paula Sarreta Terra ◽

Ronaldo Rodrigues Sarmento

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Meningitis ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Bacteriological Examination ◽

Font Size ◽

Neurological Sequelae ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Microbiologic Diagnosis ◽

Important Disease

A despeito dos avanços tecnológicos em relação ao diagnóstico, à patogênese e ao tratamento, a meningite bacteriana ainda permanece como importante doença de distribuição mundial, cujo diagnóstico se apoia, principalmente, no exame bacteriológico. Mesmo com o avanço das técnicas moleculares, o diagnóstico microbiológico continua sendo amplamente utilizado e, portanto, merece atenção especial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os principais métodos microbiológicos para o diagnóstico das meningites bacterianas e seus principais agentes causadores, visto que a identificação precisa do agente etiológico permite a correta utilização da terapia farmacológica, o que diminui significativamente os riscos de desenvolvimento de sequelas neurológicas. Abstract:Despite technological advances in the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment, bacterial meningitis still remains an important disease of worldwide distribution in which the diagnosis relies mainly on bacteriological examination. Even with the advances in molecular techniques, microbiologic diagnosis is still widely used and therefore deserves special attention. The aim of this study was a literature review on the main microbiological methods for diagnosis of bacterial meningitis and its main agents, since the precise identification of the agent allows the correct use of drug therapy which significantly reduces the risk of developing neurological sequelae.

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An updated global COI barcode reference data set for Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and first record of this species in Bhutan

10.1101/2020.05.17.100883 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kiran Mahat ◽

Andrew Mitchell ◽

Tshelthrim Zangpo

Keyword(s):

Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽

Reference Data ◽

Dna Barcode ◽

Fall Armyworm ◽

First Record ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Data Sets ◽

Pest Species ◽

Maize Crop ◽

Data Set

AbstractWe report the first detection of Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), in Bhutan. FAW feeds on more than 300 plant species and is a serious pest of many. It has been spreading through Africa since 2016 and Asia since 2018. In Bhutan, this species was first detected in maize fields in the western part of the country in September 2019 and subsequently found infesting maize crop in southern parts of the country in December 2019 and April 2020. Using morphological and molecular techniques the presence of the first invading populations of S. frugiperda in Bhutan is confirmed through this study. We present an updated reference DNA barcode data set for FAW comprising 374 sequences, which can be used to reliably identify this serious pest species, and discuss some of the reasons why such compiled reference data sets are necessary, despite the publicly availability of the underlying data. We also report on a second armyworm species, the Northern Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker, 1865), in rice, maize and other crops in eighteen districts of Bhutan.

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Is Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) a possible biological control agent against the Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae)?

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-bja10063 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Žiga Laznik ◽

Ivana Majić ◽

Stanislav Trdan ◽

Antoinette P. Malan ◽

Annika Pieterse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

First Record ◽

Control Agent ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Arion Vulgaris ◽

Potential Use

Summary In the period from August to October 2018, 140 specimens of the Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris, were collected from Podbrezje, Slovenia. Slugs were dissected and examined for the presence of parasitic nematodes within the cadavers. Identification of the nematodes was conducted using morphological and molecular techniques and confirmed the presence of Phasmarhabditis papillosa. This is the first record of P. papillosa from the mollusc host, A. vulgaris. Laboratory experiments aimed at testing the efficacy of P. papillosa against A. vulgaris were conducted using nematodes grown in vivo. Nematodes were applied at concentration rates of 50, 100 and 200 nematodes slug−1, respectively. Three weeks following treatment, the mortality of slugs was confirmed in all treatments (50 nematodes slug−1, 37.4 ± 2.7%; 100 nematodes slug−1, 48.4 ± 2.7%; 200 nematodes slug−1, 50.6 ± 2.7%). However, the pathogenesis of P. papillosa was observed first in the treatments with the lowest nematode dose at 4 days after treatments, while a decrease in the feeding behaviour of slugs was noted first in the treatments with the highest nematode dose. Future opportunities for the potential use of P. papillosa as a biological control agent against slugs are discussed. This is the first report of P. papillosa from Slovenia, and of its virulence against A. vulgaris.

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