scholarly journals Measured and predicted freeze-thaw days frequencies in climate change conditions in central Poland

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12153
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Bartczak ◽  
Halina Kaczmarek ◽  
Michał Badocha ◽  
Michał Krzemiński ◽  
Sebastian Tyszkowski
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Mathematical Correlation ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

The rate of progression of geomorphological phenomena is greatly influenced by freeze-thaw processes. In the face of air temperature increasing over the past few decades, a question of the future impact of these processes arises, notably in the temperate and cold climate zones. Using the mean, maximum and minimum daily air temperature data in the period 1951–2018 obtained from three weather stations located in the vicinity of Jeziorsko reservoir (central Poland), we have determined the mathematical correlation, described with a polynomial function, between the mean monthly air temperature and the monthly number of freeze-thaw days (FTD). A freeze-thaw day is a day when the maximum air temperature is above 0 °C while the minimum air temperature equals or is below this threshold. The number of FTDs within the study area averaged 64–71 and demonstrated a downward trend of 2–4 FTDs/10 years. The study period (1951–2018), includes a clearly marked distinct sub-period (1991–2018), when the reservoir was in operation, which experienced 58–68 FTDs. Considering the assumed rise in temperature, one should expect a further, though slightly slower, decline in the future number of FTDs. Depending on the accepted model of the temperature increase, which for the area of Poland (Central Europe) in the perspective of 30 years oscillates between +1.1 to +1.3 °C, the number of FTDs within the study area is expected to decline by −4.5 to −5.3 FTD, i.e. 6–7% and 5.4–5.5 FTD i.e. 8–9% respectively.

scholarly journals Cars as next generation mobile weather stations: an initial investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Andrea Pagani ◽  
Marcel Molendijk ◽  
Jan Willem Noteboom
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ground Temperature ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Traction Control ◽  
The Future ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Positive Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Digital Equipment

<p>Modern automobiles are becoming more and more “computers on the wheels” having lots of digital equipment on board. Such equipment is both for the comfort and entertainment of the passengers and for their safety. Sensors play a key role in measuring several parameters of the car performance (e.g., traction control, anti-lock breaking system) and also environmental  parameters are observed directly (e.g., air temperature) or can be somehow inferred (e.g., precipitation via windscreen wipers activity/speed).</p><p>KNMI has been provided air temperature recorded every 10 minutes by thousands of vehicles driving in the Netherlands for the period January-October 2020. We have performed an initial exploratory temporal and spatial analysis to understand the most promising periods of the day and areas where sufficient data is available to perform a more thorough data analysis in the future. Furthermore, we have performed a correlation analysis between the outside temperature measured by cars and air and ground temperature observed by official weather station sensors placed at one location on the Dutch highways. The correlation results for three randomly selected days (with different weather conditions) show a good positive correlation coefficient ranging from 0.93 to 0.76 for car and station air temperature and from 0.91 to 0.67 for car temperature and station ground temperature.</p><p>This initial exploration paves the way to the use of (OEM) car data as (mobile) weather stations. We foresee in the future to use a combination of sensed variables from cars such as air temperature, traction control, windscreen wipers activity for example to improve observations of road slipperiness and related warning systems that are not restricted to Dutch highways only.</p>

scholarly journals Os fatores geoecológicos, geourbanos e o clima urbano de Iporá-GO: uma análise a partir do Método de Correlação Linear

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Washington Silva Alves ◽  
Zilda De Fátima Mariano
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho consistiu em analisar a influência dos fatores geoecológicos e geourbanos no padrão da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima absoluta em Iporá-GO, por meio do método estatístico de correlação linear. Os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos pautaram-se no sistema clima urbano de Monteiro (2003), com ênfase no subsistema termodinâmico. Os fatores geoecológicos (hipsometria, exposição de vertente, vegetação urbana e hidrografia) e geourbanos (densidade de construção e o uso do solo urbano), foram georreferenciado com auxílio dos softwares ArcGis 9.0, Spring 5.3 e Surfer 9.0. Os dados de temperatura do ar foram coletados entre outubro de 2012 e outubro de 2013, em intervalos de 30 minutos, com termohigrômetros (modelo HT-500) e estações meteorológicas automáticas distribuídos em seis pontos da área urbana e rural de Iporá. Posteriormente, os dados foram organizados em planilhas de cálculos para análise estatística. Os resultados demonstraram que os fatores geoecológicos e geourbanos citados foram decisivos na variação espacial da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima absoluta em Iporá.Palavras-chave: Climatologia, Cidade, Clima Urbano AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the influence of geoecological factors and geourbanos the standard maximum air temperature and absolute minimum in Iporá-GO, by means of statistical methods of correlation linear. The theoretical and methodological foundations guided in the urban climate system Monteiro (2003), with emphasis on thermodynamic subsystem. The geoecological factors (hipsometria, slop exposure, urban and Hydrography vegetation) and geourban (building density and the use of urban land), were georeferenced with the help of software ArcGIS 9.0, Sprint 5.3 and Surfer 9.0. The air temperature data were collected between October 2012 and October 2013, in 30-minute intervals, with hygrometer term (HT-500 model) and automatic weather stations distributed in six points of the urban and rural Iporá. Later, the data were organized into spreadsheets for statistical analysis. The results showed that geoecological mentioned factors and geourbanos were decisive in the spatial variation of the temperature of the air and maximum absolute minimum in Iporá.Keywords: Climatology, City, Urban Climate ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de los factores geoecológicos y geourbanos en el patrón de la temperatura máxima y mínima absoluta del aire en Iporá-GO, a través de lo método estadístico de correlación lineal. Los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos se basan en el sistema de clima urbano de Monteiro (2003), con énfasis en el subsistema termodinámico. Los factores geoecológicos (hipsometría, hebras de exposición, hidrografía y vegetación urbana) y geourbanos (densidad de edificación y uso del suelo urbano) fueron georeferenciados con la ayuda del software ArcGIS 9.0, Spring 5.3 y Surfer 9.0. Los datos de temperatura del aire se recogieron entre octubre 2012 y octubre 2013, en intervalos de 30 minutos, con termohigrômetros (modelo HT-500) y estaciones meteorológicas automáticas distribuidas en seis puntos de las zonas urbanas y rurales. Posteriormente, los datos se organizaron en las hojas de cálculo para el análisis estadístico. Los resultados mostraron que los factores geoecológicos y geourbanos citados fueron decisivos en la variación espacial de la temperatura máxima y mínima absoluta del aire en Iporá.Palavras clave: Climatología, Ciudad, Clima Urbano 

scholarly journals Climate trends in the municipality of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabele B. Kruel ◽  
Monica C. Meschiatti ◽  
Gabriel C. Blain ◽  
Ana M. H. de Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Location Parameter ◽  
Temperature Series ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Changes in the frequency of occurrence of extreme weather events have been pointed out as a likely impact of global warming. In this context, this study aimed to detect climate change in series of extreme minimum and maximum air temperature of Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, (1896 - 2011) and its influence on the probability of occurrence of these variables. We used the general extreme value distribution (GEV) in its stationary and non-stationary forms. In the latter case, GEV parameters are variable over time. On the basis of goodness-of-fit tests and of the maximum likelihood method, the GEV model in which the location parameter increases over time presents the best fit of the daily minimum air temperature series. Such result describes a significant increase in the mean values of this variable, which indicates a potential reduction in the frequency of frosts. The daily maximum air temperature series is also described by a non-stationary model, whose location parameter decreases over time, and the scale parameter related to sample variance rises between the beginning and end of the series. This result indicates a drop in the mean of daily maximum air temperature values and increased dispersion of the sample data.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Data TerraClimate Dalam Mengestimasi Suhu Udara Di Provinsi Papua Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Baso Daeng ◽  
Arif Faisol
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Data Recording ◽  
Climate Research ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Papua Barat ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

Abstrak. Terra Climate merupakan seperangkat data iklim yang mengkombinasikan antara data WorldClim, Climate Research Unit (CRU), dan Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA 55). TerraClimate menyediakan data iklim bulanan tahun 1958 – 2019  pada resolusi spasial ~4 km. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi data TerraClimate dalam mengestimasi suhu udara di Provinsi Papua Barat. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah data TerraClimate dan data suhu udara perekaman tahun 1996 – 2019 yang diperoleh dari automatic weather stations (AWS) Rendani – Kabupaten Manokwari, AWS Jefman – Kabupaten Raja Ampat, AWS Torea – Kabupaten Fakfak, dan AWS Kaimana – Kabupaten Kaimana. Data TerraClimate dievaluasi dengan dibandingkan data AWS menggunakan metode point to pixel berdasarkan 5 (lima) parameter statistik, yaitu mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), relative bias (RBIAS), percent bias (PBIAS), dan koefisien korelasi Pearson (r). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa data TerraClimate cenderung overestimated dalam mengestimasi suhu udara minimum bulanan dan cenderung underestimated dalam mengestimasi suhu udara maksimum bulanan di Provinsi Papua Barat. Namun TerraClimate memiliki akurasi yang sangat baik dalam mengestimasi suhu udara bulanan di Provinsi Papua Barat  dengan nilai ME= 0,87 oC, RMSE = 1,19 oC, RBIAS = 0,04, dan PBIAS = 3,71 dalam mengestimasi suhu udara minimum, dan ME = 0,54 oC, RMSE = 0,88 oC,  RBIAS = 0,02, dan PBIAS = 1,79 dalam mengestimasi suhu udara maksimum. Disamping itu TerraClimate memiliki korelasi yang sedang terhadap data AWS nilai r = 0,40 - 0,68. Sehingga TerraClimate dapat digunakan sebagai solusi alternatif untuk penyedia data suhu udara di Provinsi Papua Barat.An Evaluation of TerraClimate Data in Estimating Monthly Air Temperature in West PapuaAbstract. TerraClimate is a climate dataset that combines WorldClim data, Climate Research Unit (CRU) data, and Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA 55) data at ~4 km spatial resolution. TerraClimate provides monthly climate data from 1958 to recent years. This research aims to evaluate the TerraClimate data in estimating monthly air temperature in West Papua compared with automatic weather stations (AWS) data recording. The data used in this research are TerraClimate data and AWS data recording from 1996 to 2019 obtained from AWS Rendani – Manokwari, AWS Jefman – Raja Ampat, AWS Torea – Fakfak, and AWS Kaimana – Kaimana. TerraClimate data were evaluated using the Point to Pixel method based on 5 (five) statistical parameters i.e., mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), relative bias (RBIAS), percent bias (RBIAS), and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The research showed that TerraClimate is overestimated in estimating monthly minimum air temperature and underestimated in estimating monthly maximum air temperature in West Papua. However, TerraClimate and has very good accuracy in estimating the monthly temperature in West Papua with ME = 0.87 oC, RMSE = 1.19 oC, RBIAS = 0.04, and PBIAS = 3.71 in estimating monthly minimum air temperature, and ME=0.54 oC, RMSE = 0.88 oC, RBIAS = 0.02, PBIAS = 1.79 in estimating monthly maximum air temperature. Besides, TerraClimate data has a moderate correlation with AWS data in estimating monthly air temperature with r= 0.40 - 0.68. Therefore, TerraClimate can be used as an alternative solution for providing air temperature data in West Papua. 

scholarly journals What are cleats? Preliminary studies from the Konin lignite mine, Miocene of central Poland

Geologos ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Widera
Keyword(s):  
Water Permeability ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Opencast Mine ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Lignite Mine ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Cleats (fractures, joints) are discontinuities in coals, including lignites. They are important in mining activity because of their gas and water permeability in hard coal, and mainly because of their water permeability in lignites. As opposed to hard-coal cleats, lignite cleats have not been studied in detail before. The present contribution does so, using as an example the 1st Middle-Polish Lignite Seam (MPLS-1) in the Jóźwin IIB opencast mine in central Poland. It should be mentioned here that any remarks in the present contribution concerning MPLS-1 refer exclusively to this lignite seam in the Jóźwin IIB opencast mine. The investigated discontinuities consist of two sets, i.e. the face and butt cleats, which are roughly oriented NW-SE and NE-SW, respectively. The mean spacing of the face cleats is ~12.4 cm, while the mean spacing of the butt cleats is ~12.8 cm. The maximum average aperture is ~4.9 mm for the face cleats and ~4.1 mm for the butt cleats. The cleat spacing and aperture do not depend on the lignite thickness, but the cleat spacing increases with increasing mineral-matter and xylite content, whereas the aperture increases when the contents decrease. The regional folding and local salt diapirism tentatively explain the formation of the orthogonal system of the lignite cleats, partly because of the parallelism of the face cleats and the major tectonic directions in central Poland.

scholarly journals Regional Climate Change (Karelia, Russia)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 356
Author(s):  
Larisa Nazarova
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

The overview of climatic conditions in Karelia is based on the data from meteorological observations carried out in 1951-2009 at Roskomgidromet weather stations situated in the study area. Taking the period in question into account, the mean annual air temperature norm has increased by 0.2-0.3°C. The greatest deviation from multiyear averages of mean monthly air temperature is observed in January and March. The investigation of the changes the basic regional climate characteristics is very important in present time because the global climate is changed. The analysis the data about air temperature and precipitation, that were obtained for the different meteorological stations in the investigated region, shows that the regional climate is changed and the main tendencies are directly proportional to the change of the global characteristics.

scholarly journals An attempt to assess the results of air temperature measurements from automatic weather stations in comparison to glass thermometer measurements in the context of weather types

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Urban
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Weather Types ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Annual Scale ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

Abstract In the article, an attempt was undertaken to compare the results of air temperature measurements made using automatic weather stations (AWS) to those of glass thermometers. The analysis considered the aspect of weather types. On the basis of simultaneous measurements carried out with the use of AWS and glass thermometers, the accuracy of measurements for 6 synoptic stations of IMGW-PIB was assessed. The stations represented the Lower and Opole Silesia regions. Mean differences in mean monthly and seasonal air temperature values (T) between AWS and glass results are not high. They are equal to ±0.1°C, only rarely reaching −0.2°C. In cold seasons and in particular months as well, they are negative. On an annual scale, differences hardly ever occur. No connection between mean difference for mean air temperature and weather types was found. The values of mean differences for mean monthly and seasonal maximum air temperature (Tx) are equal to ±0.1°C (except Śnieżka). The differences for T and Tx are of low significance, being within the normal range. Mean differences for mean monthly and seasonal minimum air temperature (Tn) are usually positive. In warm seasons they can reach 1.1°C. In the case of most of the stations under consideration, for positive differences for Tn, an increase in average (from +0.1°C to +0.5°C) and high (+0.5°C to +1.0°C) differences is noticed. The only exceptions are the Śnieżka and Opole stations. The differences for each category are not regular, therefore no universal corrections can be implemented.

scholarly journals Meteorological effects of the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015: analysis of UK Met Office automatic weather station data and comparison with automatic weather station data from the Faroes and Iceland

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2077) ◽  
pp. 20150212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Hanna ◽  
John Penman ◽  
Trausti Jónsson ◽  
Grant R. Bigg ◽  
Halldór Björnsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Automatic Weather Station ◽  
Station Data ◽  
Weather Station Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weather Stations

Here, we analyse high-frequency (1 min) surface air temperature, mean sea-level pressure (MSLP), wind speed and direction and cloud-cover data acquired during the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 from 76 UK Met Office weather stations, and compare the results with those from 30 weather stations in the Faroe Islands and 148 stations in Iceland. There was a statistically significant mean UK temperature drop of 0.83±0.63°C, which occurred over 39 min on average, and the minimum temperature lagged the peak of the eclipse by about 10 min. For a subset of 14 (16) relatively clear (cloudy) stations, the mean temperature drop was 0.91±0.78 (0.31±0.40)°C but the mean temperature drops for relatively calm and windy stations were almost identical. Mean wind speed dropped significantly by 9% on average during the first half of the eclipse. There was no discernible effect of the eclipse on the wind-direction or MSLP time series, and therefore we can discount any localized eclipse cyclone effect over Britain during this event. Similar changes in air temperature and wind speed are observed for Iceland, where conditions were generally clearer, but here too there was no evidence of an eclipse cyclone; in the Faroes, there was a much more muted meteorological signature. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.

scholarly journals Surface air temperature trends in Kathmandu Valley for 2011-2017

BIBECHANA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
A. Thapa ◽  
A Silwal ◽  
S P Gautam ◽  
C K. Nepal ◽  
S. Bhattarai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

In this study, we reviewed the maximum and minimum temperature trends of the Kathmandu valley over the period of 2011-2017. In addition, the average monthly temperature trends were studied annually for the same period, with the data made available from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) of Nepal. The annual temperature trended in the same direction, with winter temperatures being lower and summer temperatures being higher. The annual average minimum and maximum air temperature trends were found to be slightly rising at 0.097˚C/year and 0.04˚C/year, respectively. The mean air temperature in Kathmandu valley is increasing at a rate of 0.06 degrees Celsius per year, with 2016 being the warmest year and 2012 being the least warm, with annual mean temperatures of 19.82˚C and 19.32˚C, respectively. The temperature difference is much smaller in the summer (less than ~12˚C) than in the winter.  BIBECHANA 18 (2) (2021) 95-104

scholarly journals Study of temporal variations of nocturnal and daytime urban heat island in Baghdad

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-365
Author(s):  
Salwa Naif ◽  
Monim Al-Jiboor ◽  
Najlaa Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

Based on daily minimum and maximum air temperature observations for three years: 2008, 2013 and 2019, measured by automatic weather stations located at two sites of Baghdad city were used to compute nocturnal and daytime urban heat island (UHI). First station fixed in campus of the Mustansiriyah University is considered as urban area, and another station followed to Iraqi meteorological organization installed at the International Baghdad Airport was chosen as the rural site. Daily, seasonal and annual averages of nocturnal and daytime UHIs were presented to study the variability and trends. The results show the evolution of a nocturnal UHI, whose high mean values were recorded in four seasons with largest value found in summer of 2019. Annual trend in nocturnal UHI intensities was found to be larger than that of daytime. Thus, this study propose that maintenance and increase urban parks and planting shading tall trees to mitigate UHI intensity in Baghdad city.

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