scholarly journals Transcriptional patterns of Coffea arabica L. nitrate reductase, glutamine and asparagine synthetase genes are modulated under nitrogen suppression and coffee leaf rust

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Yumi Baba ◽  
Masako Toma Braghini ◽  
Tiago Benedito dos Santos ◽  
Kenia de Carvalho ◽  
João Danillo Moura Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Asparagine Synthetase ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
Coffee Leaf Rust ◽  
Genes Encoding

This study evaluated the transcriptional profile of genes related to nitrogen (N) assimilation in coffee plants susceptible and resistant to rust fungi under N sufficiency and N suppression. For this purpose, we inoculated young coffee leaves with Hemileia vastatrix uredospores and collected them at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (HPI) to evaluate the relative expressions of genes encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (CaGS1), plastid glutamine synthetase (CaGS2), nitrate reductase (CaNR), and asparagine synthetase (CaAS). The genes exhibited distinct patterns of transcriptional modulation for the different genotypes and N nutritional regimes. The resistant genotype (I59) presented high levels of transcription in response to pathogen inoculation for CaNR and CaGS1 genes, evaluated under N sufficiency in the initial moments of infection (12 HPI). The gene CaGS1 also showed a peak at 48 HPI. The susceptible genotype (CV99) showed increased transcript rates of CaNR at 12 and 24 HPI in response to rust inoculation. The transcriptional patterns observed for CV99, under N suppression, were high levels for CaAS and CaGS2 at all post-inoculation times in response to coffee leaf rust disease. In addition, CaGS1 was up-regulated at 48 HPI for CV99. Cultivar I59 showed high transcript levels at 12 HPI for CaAS and peaks at 24 and 48 HPI for CaGS2 in inoculated samples. Consequently, total chlorophyl concentration was influenced by N suppression and by rust infection. Regarding enzyme activities in vitro for glutamine synthetase and CaNR, there was an increase in infected coffee leaves (I59) and under N sufficiency. Moreover, CV99 was modulated in both N nutritional regimes for GS activity in response to rust. Our results indicate that N transport genes trigger a differential modulation between genotypes through the action of rust disease.

scholarly journals Stability of Arabica coffee genotype (Coffea arabica L.) against leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix)

2021 ◽  
Vol 748 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
Sabam Malau ◽  
Albiner Siagian ◽  
Maria Rumondang Sihotang
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Coffee Leaf Rust ◽  
Rust Severity

Abstract Coffee is now experiencing a serious threat from fungus Hemileia vastatrix which caused epidemic of rust disease in America, Africa, and Asia. As solution, the use of resistant cultivars is the best way. However, interaction between genotype and environment can change the rank of genotypes that shows instability of these genotypes against leaf rust. Purpose of this research was to study stability of genotypes of Arabica coffee against coffee leaf rust. A field experiment was arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with 2 factors (genotypes and climate zones) with three replication. The observed parameters were branch rust incidence, leaf rust incidence, and leaf rust severity. This research result showed significant genotype x environment interaction in all variables. Length of dry season is the most important factor affecting coffee leaf rust because it had the highest correlation coefficient with leaf rust severity (r = 0.662**). Less length of dry season should be the first criteria for selection of coffee farms. The most desired genotype was G7 which performed low leaf rust severity (7.71%) and had a stable resistance indicated by the same leaf rust severity in all environments and 6 SMg. Due to the significant interaction between genotypes and the environment, the genotype to be planted in a region must be tested in that region first.

scholarly journals Ekspresi β -1,3 glukanase dan kitinase pada tanaman kopi arabika (Coffea arabica L.) tahan dan rentan karat daun Expression of β-1,3 glucanase and chitinase of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) resistant and susceptible against leaf rust disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmini BUDIANI ◽  
I SUSANTI ◽  
Surip MAWARDI ◽  
D A SANTOSO ◽  
. SISWANTO
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Coffea Arabica L

Summary Leaf rust disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix is considered to be one of the most important diseases on arabica coffee plantation. In order to understand the mechanism underlying resistance of arabica coffee against leaf rust disease, this research was aimed to study expression of β-1,3 glucanase (GLU) and chitinase (CHI) genes in the arabica coffee S1934 and  BLP10 that have been reported respectively as a resistant and susceptible varieties to H. vastatrix. The two varieties were essayed against H. vastatrix, and an RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) using total RNAs  from the S1934 and BLP10, both inoculated with H. vastatrix and uninnoculated was carried out for studying the expression of GLU and CHI. Two primer pairs were designed to amplify the conserved region of GLU and CHI. Amplification products were sequenced and the nucleotide sequences were subjected to BlastX analysis. The result of bioassay confirmed that arabica coffee S1934 was resistant to H. vastatrix, while BLP10 was susceptible.   β-1,3 glucanase was expressed in all of the four samples, the inoculated and uninnoculated S1934, and BLP10 in different degree. S1934 expressed higher GLU compared to BLP10. In the inoculated S1934 the expression of this gene was higher compared to that of the uninoculated one. Expression of CHI was detected only in the S1934, both inoculated and uninoculated. Sequence analysis confirmed that the RT-PCR products were exon regions of genes encoding β-1,3 glucanase dan chitinase respectively. Both of the cDNA fragment have been cloned in E.coli.  Ringkasan Karat daun yang disebabkan oleh jamur Hemileia vastatrix merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada perkebunan kopi arabika. Untuk memahami mekanisme ketahanan kopi arabika terhadap karat daun, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari ekspresi gen β-1,3 glukanase dan kitinase pada varietas kopi arabika S1934 yang dilaporkan tahan karat daun dan varietas BLP10 yang termasuk rentan karat daun. Untuk itu kedua varietas diuji kembali ketahanannya terhadap H. vastatrix melalui bioesai dan dilakukan RT-PCR menggunakan RNA total dari S1934 dan BLP10, baik yang diinokulasi dengan H. vastatrix maupun yang tidak diinokulasi, untuk mempelajari ekspresi gen GLU dan CHI. Dua pasang primer spesifik dirancang untuk mengamplifikasi daerah konservatif kedua gen  tersebut. Hasil amplifikasi disekuen dan dianalisis menggunakan program BlastX. Hasil bioesai mengkonfirmasi bahwa S1934 tahan terhadap H. vastatrix, sedangkan  BLP10 rentan.  β-1,3 glukanase diekspresikan pada kedua varietas, baik yang diinokulasi maupun yang tidak diinokulasi, namun dengan tingkat ekspresi yang sedikit berbeda. Varietas S1934 mengekspresikan β-1,3 glukanase lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan BLP10. Ekspresi gen tersebut pada S1934 yang diinokulasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diinokulasi. Sedangkan kitinase hanya diekspresikan pada varietas S1934. Hasil sekuensing dan analisis DNA mengkonfirmasi bahwa sekuen hasil RT-PCR merupakan bagian ekson dari gen penyandi β-1,3 glukanase dan kitinase. Kedua fragmen tersebut telah diklon pada E. coli.

scholarly journals Ekspresi β -1,3 glukanase dan kitinase pada tanaman kopi arabika (Coffea arabica L.) tahan dan rentan karat daun Expression of β-1,3 glucanase and chitinase of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) resistant and susceptible against leaf rust disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmini BUDIANI ◽  
I SUSANTI ◽  
Surip MAWARDI ◽  
D A SANTOSO ◽  
. SISWANTO
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Coffea Arabica L

Summary Leaf rust disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix is considered to be one of the most important diseases on arabica coffee plantation. In order to understand the mechanism underlying resistance of arabica coffee against leaf rust disease, this research was aimed to study expression of β-1,3 glucanase (GLU) and chitinase (CHI) genes in the arabica coffee S1934 and  BLP10 that have been reported respectively as a resistant and susceptible varieties to H. vastatrix. The two varieties were essayed against H. vastatrix, and an RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) using total RNAs  from the S1934 and BLP10, both inoculated with H. vastatrix and uninnoculated was carried out for studying the expression of GLU and CHI. Two primer pairs were designed to amplify the conserved region of GLU and CHI. Amplification products were sequenced and the nucleotide sequences were subjected to BlastX analysis. The result of bioassay confirmed that arabica coffee S1934 was resistant to H. vastatrix, while BLP10 was susceptible.   β-1,3 glucanase was expressed in all of the four samples, the inoculated and uninnoculated S1934, and BLP10 in different degree. S1934 expressed higher GLU compared to BLP10. In the inoculated S1934 the expression of this gene was higher compared to that of the uninoculated one. Expression of CHI was detected only in the S1934, both inoculated and uninoculated. Sequence analysis confirmed that the RT-PCR products were exon regions of genes encoding β-1,3 glucanase dan chitinase respectively. Both of the cDNA fragment have been cloned in E.coli.  Ringkasan Karat daun yang disebabkan oleh jamur Hemileia vastatrix merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada perkebunan kopi arabika. Untuk memahami mekanisme ketahanan kopi arabika terhadap karat daun, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari ekspresi gen β-1,3 glukanase dan kitinase pada varietas kopi arabika S1934 yang dilaporkan tahan karat daun dan varietas BLP10 yang termasuk rentan karat daun. Untuk itu kedua varietas diuji kembali ketahanannya terhadap H. vastatrix melalui bioesai dan dilakukan RT-PCR menggunakan RNA total dari S1934 dan BLP10, baik yang diinokulasi dengan H. vastatrix maupun yang tidak diinokulasi, untuk mempelajari ekspresi gen GLU dan CHI. Dua pasang primer spesifik dirancang untuk mengamplifikasi daerah konservatif kedua gen  tersebut. Hasil amplifikasi disekuen dan dianalisis menggunakan program BlastX. Hasil bioesai mengkonfirmasi bahwa S1934 tahan terhadap H. vastatrix, sedangkan  BLP10 rentan.  β-1,3 glukanase diekspresikan pada kedua varietas, baik yang diinokulasi maupun yang tidak diinokulasi, namun dengan tingkat ekspresi yang sedikit berbeda. Varietas S1934 mengekspresikan β-1,3 glukanase lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan BLP10. Ekspresi gen tersebut pada S1934 yang diinokulasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diinokulasi. Sedangkan kitinase hanya diekspresikan pada varietas S1934. Hasil sekuensing dan analisis DNA mengkonfirmasi bahwa sekuen hasil RT-PCR merupakan bagian ekson dari gen penyandi β-1,3 glukanase dan kitinase. Kedua fragmen tersebut telah diklon pada E. coli.

scholarly journals Serangan Karat Daun Kopi (Hemileia vastatrix B et Br) pada Tanaman Kopi Arabika di Perkebunan Rakyat Kabupaten Mandailing Natal Sumatera Utara

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Riza Kusuma Widia Siska ◽  
Lahmuddin Lubis ◽  
Lisnawati Lisnawati
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Coffee Leaf Rust ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
North Sumatra

Kabupaten Mandailing Natal merupakan daerah penghasil kopi di Sumatera Utara. Salah satu factor pembatas produksi kopi di kabupaten ini adalah adanya serangan penyakit karat daun yang disebabkan oleh Hemileia vastatrix. Namun informasi sebaran dan keparahan penyakit karat daun kopi di kabupaten ini belum ada.Padaha linformasi ini diperlukan untuk menentukan strategi pengendalian yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keparahan penyakit dan pemetaan sebaranpenyakit karat daun kopi pada perkebunan kopi rakyat di Kabupaten Mandailing Natal. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan metode purposive random sampling (PRS) di tiga kecamatan masing-masing Kecamatan Pakantan, Puncak Sorik Marapi dan Ulu Pungkut dengan lokasi geografis 0° 10° – 1° 50° LU dan 98° 50° – 100° 10° BT dengan ketinggian tempatantara 861-1353 meter diatas permukaan laut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penyakit karat daun kopi telah tersebar pada letak geografis 0°10°-1°50°LU dan 98°50°-100°10°BT dengan keparahan penyakit karat daun kopi tertinggi yaitu 45% terdapat di Desa Huta Namale, Kecamatan Puncak Sorik Marapi, sebaliknya keparahan penyakit karat daun kopi yang terendah terdapatdi Desa Huta Julu, Kecamatan Pakantan yaitu sebesar1%. Faktor suhu, ketinggian tempat dan jarak tanam berkorelasi sangat rendah terhadap tingkat kejadian dan keparahan penyakit karat daun kopi. Mandailing Natal Regency is a coffee-producing area in North Sumatra. One of the limiting factors for coffee production in this district is the attack of coffee leaf rust disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix. The information on the distribution and severity of coffee leaf rust disease in this district is needed to determine its control strategy. This study aims to determine the severity of the disease and the mapping of the spread of coffee leaf rust disease on people's coffee plantations in Mandailing Natal District. The study was carried out by purposive random sampling (PRS) method in three sub-districts of Pakantan Subdistrict, Sorik Marapi and Ulu Pungkut Peak with a geographical location of 0 ° 10 ° - 1 ° 50 ° N and 98 ° 50 ° - 100 ° 10 ° with the altitude between 861-1353 meters above sea level. The results showed that the coffee leaf rust disease was spread over a geographical location of 0 ° 10 ° -1 ° 50 ° N and 98 ° 50 ° -100 ° 10 ° East with the highest severity of coffee leaf rust disease, 45% in Huta Namale Village, District Sorik Marapi Peak, on the contrary the lowest severity of coffee leaf rust disease is in Huta Julu Village, Pakantan District, which is equal to 1%. Temperature, altitude, and spacing factors are very low correlated with the incidence and severity of coffee leaf rust disease.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Root Extracts from Baccharis salicina on Germination of Uredospores of Hemileia vastatrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 1075-1084
Author(s):  
Anayancy Lam-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Coffee Leaf Rust ◽  
Rust Pathogen

Hemileia vastatrix is a fungus associated with coffee leaf rust, the most destructive disease of Coffea arabica. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antifungal activity of alcoholic extracts from roots of Baccharis salicina and to determine the metabolites present in these fractions. Antifungal activity was evaluated under in vitro conditions by monitoring the germination ability of H. vastatrix, the coffee leaf rust pathogen. In order to determine the presence of metabolites, chemical characterization of fractions obtained from methanolic root extracts was performed with help of an untargeted metabolomic approach and by using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and MS2 based on direct-injection electrospray mass spectrometry (DIESI-MS) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Germination percentage was evaluated by leaves fixation technique. The MEBs significantly decreased the percentage of germination of H. vastatrix to levels below 5% as the dose increased. The multivariable analysis confirmed that the distribution of three fractions of methanolic extracts belonged to polyketides, organoheterocyclic compounds, fatty acyls, prenol-lipids, organo-oxygen and farnesene classes. This report comprises the first study of the metabolomic profile and biological activity study of roots from B. salicina against coffee leaf rust pathogen H. vastatrix. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Potential of the Dithiocarbimate Fungicides on the Control of Coffee Leaf Rust and Asian Soybean Rust

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Lucas Fagundes da Silva ◽  
Laércio Zambolim ◽  
Antônio Eustáquio Carneiro Vidigal ◽  
Mayura Marques Magalhães Rubinger
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Asian Soybean Rust ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Coffee Leaf Rust

Coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) are diseases that cause great losses in the productivity of these crops, not only in Brazil but on a global scale. Coffee and soybean varieties grown are susceptible to these diseases. Thus, it is necessary to search for efficient compounds for their chemical control, mainly from the group of protectors or residuals so that they can be formulated with systemic fungicides to control the diseases. This allows not only the efficient management of diseases but also the prevention of the emergence of resistant mutants in the populations of these pathogens. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and effect of bis(N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimato)zincate(II) salts fungicides on the epidemiological components of pathosystems coffee × H. vastatrix and soybean × P. pachyrhizi. Initially, four zinc(II) complexes salts (1A, 2A, 1B, and 2B) with N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimates were synthesized. In the first experiment, the in vitro sensitivity of H. vastatrix and P. pachyrhizi was studied for the four compounds synthesized and mancozeb at 0.5, 5.0, 50.0, 100.0 and 200.0 µmol L-1. All the compounds synthetized in this study had inhibitory effects on H. vastatrix and P. pachyrhizi. In the greenhouse it was studied the effect of bis(N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimato)zincate(II) salts on the epidemiological components of coffee leaf rust and Asian soybean rust. For the pathosystem coffee × H. vastatrix, there were no differences in the values obtained for the bis(N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimato)zincate(II) salts and mancozeb for the latent period. For the sporulated lesion variable, the control treatment had a mean value of 149.0 lesions/leaf, differing significantly from the other treatments. The mean value of compound 2B was estimated as 25.0 lesions/leaf, differing significantly from treatments 1A, 1B, 2B, and mancozeb. Treatments 1A, 1B, 2B, and mancozeb did not differ significantly from each other. For the Asian soybean rust, the area under the disease progress curve had a mean value of 75.8 for the control, while for the 2A treatment the value was 4.1, differing from the other compounds. The treatments 1A, 1B, 2A, and mancozeb did not differ significantly from each other. In conclusion, compounds 1A, 2A, and 1B were more efficient in the control of the coffee leaf rust, while compound 2A was efficient in the control of the Asian soybean rust.

scholarly journals Bio-efficacy of new fungicide Pyraclostrobin 133g/l + Epoxiconazole 50g/l SE against coffee leaf rust disease in hill zone of Karnataka

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 639-642
Author(s):  
Shivaprasad M ◽  
Ramya TS ◽  
Vinay JU ◽  
Swamy AV ◽  
Ravi CS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Coffee Leaf Rust

A study of transcriptome in leaf rust infected bread wheat involving seedling resistance gene Lr28

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanchal Sharma ◽  
Gautam Saripalli ◽  
Santosh Kumar ◽  
Tinku Gautam ◽  
Avneesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance ◽  
Histone Variants ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Ros Homeostasis ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Seedling Resistance Gene

Leaf rust disease causes severe yield losses in wheat throughout the world. During the present study, high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis was used to gain insights into the role of Lr28 gene in imparting seedling leaf rust resistance in wheat. Differential expression analysis was conducted using a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) (HD 2329 and HD 2329 + Lr28) at early (0 h before inoculation (hbi), 24 and 48 h after inoculation (hai)) and late stages (72, 96 and 168 hai) after inoculation with a virulent pathotype of pathogen Puccinia triticina. Expression of a large number of genes was found to be affected due to the presence/absence of Lr28. Gene ontology analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts suggested enrichment of transcripts involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress and hormone metabolism, in resistant and/or susceptible NILs. Genes encoding receptor like kinases (RLKs) (including ATP binding; serine threonine kinases) and other kinases were the most abundant class of genes, whose expression was affected. Genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and several genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) (most abundant being WRKY TFs) were also identified along with some ncRNAs and histone variants. Quantitative real-time PCR was also used for validation of 39 representative selected genes. In the long term, the present study should prove useful in developing leaf rust resistant wheat cultivars through molecular breeding.

scholarly journals Uredospore germination of Hemileia vastatrix and its inhibition by the effect of plant extracts in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Morales-Antonio ◽  
◽  
Gisela M. Santiago-Martínez ◽  
Alfonso Vásquez-López ◽  
Gerardo Rodríguez-Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Coffee Leaf Rust ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Coffee leaf rust, caused by Hemileia vastatrix, is the most important disease of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Mexico. It causes production losses of up to 40% and leads to the use of considerable volumes of synthetic fungicides. The main goals of this research were to identify the temperature, pH, incubation time, and luminosity required for in vitro germination of H. vastatrix uredospores and to evaluate the effect of plant extracts on their germination. Uredospores from coffee plants (var. Caturra) grown in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, were collected and subjected to treatments consisting of combined levels of T°, pH, and incubation time. The treatments were evaluated in darkness and under low-intensity white light (15 W). Uredospore germination occurred in the absence and presence of light. The highest percentage of uredospore germination was 44.95%, which occurred at pH 5.7, between 18 and 24 °C, and with an incubation time of 24 h. The effect of 30 plant extracts was evaluated in terms of inhibition of uredospore germination. The acetone and ethanol extracts of Tribulus terrestris, Datura ferox, Mansoa alliacea, Ricinus communis, and Acacia farnesiana inhibited 100% of uredospore germination. Thus, plant extracts may contribute to the integrated disease management of coffee leaf rust.

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