scholarly journals Comparative masticatory myology in anteaters and its implications for interpreting morphological convergence in myrmecophagous placentals

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Ferreira-Cardoso ◽  
Pierre-Henri Fabre ◽  
Benoit de Thoisy ◽  
Frédéric Delsuc ◽  
Lionel Hautier
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Masticatory Ability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Functional Shift

Background Ecological adaptations of mammals are reflected in the morphological diversity of their feeding apparatus, which includes differences in tooth crown morphologies, variation in snout size, or changes in muscles of the feeding apparatus. The adaptability of their feeding apparatus allowed them to optimize resource exploitation in a wide range of habitats. The combination of computer-assisted X-ray microtomography (µ-CT) with contrast-enhancing staining protocols has bolstered the reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) models of muscles. This new approach allows for accurate descriptions of muscular anatomy, as well as the quick measurement of muscle volumes and fiber orientation. Ant- and termite-eating (myrmecophagy) represents a case of extreme feeding specialization, which is usually accompanied by tooth reduction or complete tooth loss, snout elongation, acquisition of a long vermiform tongue, and loss of the zygomatic arch. Many of these traits evolved independently in distantly-related mammalian lineages. Previous reports on South American anteaters (Vermilingua) have shown major changes in the masticatory, intermandibular, and lingual muscular apparatus. These changes have been related to a functional shift in the role of upper and lower jaws in the evolutionary context of their complete loss of teeth and masticatory ability. Methods We used an iodine staining solution (I2KI) to perform contrast-enhanced µ-CT scanning on heads of the pygmy (Cyclopes didactylus), collared (Tamandua tetradactyla) and giant (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) anteaters. We reconstructed the musculature of the feeding apparatus of the three extant anteater genera using 3D reconstructions complemented with classical dissections of the specimens. We performed a description of the musculature of the feeding apparatus in the two morphologically divergent vermilinguan families (Myrmecophagidae and Cyclopedidae) and compared it to the association of morphological features found in other myrmecophagous placentals. Results We found that pygmy anteaters (Cyclopes) present a relatively larger and architecturally complex temporal musculature than that of collared (Tamandua) and giant (Myrmecophaga) anteaters, but shows a reduced masseter musculature, including the loss of the deep masseter. The loss of this muscle concurs with the loss of the jugal bone in Cyclopedidae. We show that anteaters, pangolins, and aardvarks present distinct anatomies despite morphological and ecological convergences.

scholarly journals Embedding X.509 Digital Certificates in Three-Dimensional Models for Authentication, Authorization, and Traceability of Product Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Hedberg ◽  
Sylvere Krima ◽  
Jaime A. Camelio
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Product Lifecycle Management ◽  
Product Lifecycle ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Product Data ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Digital Certificates ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

Exchange and reuse of three-dimensional (3D) product models are hampered by the absence of trust in product-lifecycle data quality. The root cause of the missing trust is years of “silo” functions (e.g., engineering, manufacturing, and quality assurance) using independent and disconnected processes. Those disconnected processes result in data exchanges that do not contain all of the required information for each downstream lifecycle process, which inhibits the reuse of product data and results in duplicate data. The X.509 standard, maintained by the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), was first issued in 1988. Although originally intended as the authentication framework for the X.500 series for electronic directory services, the X.509 framework is used in a wide range of implementations outside the originally intended paradigm. These implementations range from encrypting websites to software-code signing, yet X.509 certificate use has not widely penetrated engineering and product realms. Our approach is not trying to provide security mechanisms, but equally as important, our method aims to provide insight into what is happening with product data to support trusting the data. This paper provides a review of the use of X.509 certificates and proposes a solution for embedding X.509 digital certificates in 3D models for authentication, authorization, and traceability of product data. This paper also describes an application within the aerospace domain. Finally, the paper draws conclusions and provides recommendations for further research into using X.509 certificates in product lifecycle management (PLM) workflows to enable a product lifecycle of trust.

scholarly journals Combining quantitative analysis with an elliptic Fourier descriptor: A study of pottery from the Gansu-Zhanqi site based on 3D scanning and computer technology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIN WANG ◽  
wei Qian ◽  
guoke Chen
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Fourier Descriptor ◽  
Objective Classification ◽  
Archaeological Analysis

Abstract Pottery is an important material in archaeological studies, and the accurate classification of pottery shapes largely depends on the experience and knowledge of archaeologists. In this thesis, pottery taken from the Gansu-Zhanqi site is used for sampling. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the pottery were obtained using 3D scanning, and a computer-assisted pottery typology was studied through quantitative analysis and elliptic Fourier descriptor. This method, which can enhance and supplement the traditional methods of classifying pottery in archaeology and thereby enrich the parameters and breadth of pottery analysis, represents a new means for exploring and experimenting with objective classification and provides a new tool for traditional archaeological analysis methods.

scholarly journals Brain-wide single neuron reconstruction reveals morphological diversity in molecularly defined striatal, thalamic, cortical and claustral neuron types

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanchuan Peng ◽  
Peng Xie ◽  
Lijuan Liu ◽  
Xiuli Kuang ◽  
Yimin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Neuron ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fluorescent Labeling ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Neuronal Types ◽  
Organizational Rules

Abstract Ever since the seminal findings of Ramon y Cajal, dendritic and axonal morphology has been recognized as a defining feature of neuronal types. Yet our knowledge concerning the diversity of neuronal morphologies, in particular distal axonal projection patterns, is extremely limited. To systematically obtain single neuron full morphology on a brain-wide scale, we established a platform with five major components: sparse labeling, whole-brain imaging, reconstruction, registration, and classification. We achieved sparse, robust and consistent fluorescent labeling of a wide range of neuronal types by combining transgenic or viral Cre delivery with novel transgenic reporter lines. We acquired high-resolution whole-brain fluorescent images from a large set of sparsely labeled brains using fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST). We developed a set of software tools for efficient large-volume image data processing, registration to the Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework (CCF), and computer-assisted morphological reconstruction. We reconstructed and analyzed the complete morphologies of 1,708 neurons from the striatum, thalamus, cortex and claustrum. Finally, we classified these cells into multiple morphological and projection types and identified a set of region-specific organizational rules of long-range axonal projections at the single cell level. Specifically, different neuron types from different regions follow highly distinct rules in convergent or divergent projection, feedforward or feedback axon termination patterns, and between-cell homogeneity or heterogeneity. Major molecularly defined classes or types of neurons have correspondingly distinct morphological and projection patterns, however, we also identify further remarkably extensive morphological and projection diversity at more fine-grained levels within the major types that cannot presently be accounted for by preexisting transcriptomic subtypes. These insights reinforce the importance of full morphological characterization of brain cell types and suggest a plethora of ways different cell types and individual neurons may contribute to the function of their respective circuits.

scholarly journals Brain-wide single neuron reconstruction reveals morphological diversity in molecularly defined striatal, thalamic, cortical and claustral neuron types

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanchuan Peng ◽  
Peng Xie ◽  
Lijuan Liu ◽  
Xiuli Kuang ◽  
Yimin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Neuron ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fluorescent Labeling ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Neuronal Types ◽  
Organizational Rules

ABSTRACTEver since the seminal findings of Ramon y Cajal, dendritic and axonal morphology has been recognized as a defining feature of neuronal types. Yet our knowledge concerning the diversity of neuronal morphologies, in particular distal axonal projection patterns, is extremely limited. To systematically obtain single neuron full morphology on a brain-wide scale, we established a platform with five major components: sparse labeling, whole-brain imaging, reconstruction, registration, and classification. We achieved sparse, robust and consistent fluorescent labeling of a wide range of neuronal types by combining transgenic or viral Cre delivery with novel transgenic reporter lines. We acquired high-resolution whole-brain fluorescent images from a large set of sparsely labeled brains using fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST). We developed a set of software tools for efficient large-volume image data processing, registration to the Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework (CCF), and computer-assisted morphological reconstruction. We reconstructed and analyzed the complete morphologies of 1,708 neurons from the striatum, thalamus, cortex and claustrum. Finally, we classified these cells into multiple morphological and projection types and identified a set of region-specific organizational rules of long-range axonal projections at the single cell level. Specifically, different neuron types from different regions follow highly distinct rules in convergent or divergent projection, feedforward or feedback axon termination patterns, and between-cell homogeneity or heterogeneity. Major molecularly defined classes or types of neurons have correspondingly distinct morphological and projection patterns, however, we also identify further remarkably extensive morphological and projection diversity at more fine-grained levels within the major types that cannot presently be accounted for by preexisting transcriptomic subtypes. These insights reinforce the importance of full morphological characterization of brain cell types and suggest a plethora of ways different cell types and individual neurons may contribute to the function of their respective circuits.

StyroStone: A protocol for scanning and extracting three-dimensional meshes of stone artefacts using Micro-CT scanners v1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Göldner ◽  
Fotios Alexandros Karakostis ◽  
Armando Falcucci
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Ct Scanner ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Ct Scanners

This protocol presents the first detailed step-by-step pipeline for the 3D scanning and post processing of large batches of lithic artefacts using a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanner (i.e., a Phoenix v-tome-x S model by General Electronics MCC, Boston MA) and an Artec Space Spider scanner (Artec Inc., Luxembourg). This protocol was used to scan and analyze ca. 700 lithic artefacts from the Protoaurignacian layers at Fumane Cave in north-eastern Italy (Falcucci et al., in preparation). For this study several costly scanners and proprietary software packages were employed. Although it is not easy to find a low-budget alternative for the scanners, it is possible to use free and open-source software programs, such as 3D-Slicer (https://www.slicer.org/) or MorphoDig (https://morphomuseum.com/morphodig), to process CT data as well as MeshLab (Cignoni et al. 2008) to interact with the 3D models in general. However, if alternative software is used, the steps and their order described in this protocol might diverge significantly. A cost-effective alternative to create 3D models is digital photogrammetry using commercial cameras and freely available software like Meshroom (https://alicevision.org). Although photogrammetry is an affordable technique to create accurate 3D models of objects, this method might not be useful when scanning large batches of artefacts, as it will require a lot of computation time and processing capacity. Likewise, it could be difficult to generate accurate 3D models of very small and/or detailed tool shapes using 3D surface scanners because stone tools are often much smaller than the recommended minimum field of view. Similarly, the resolution of conventional medical CT scanners might not be sufficient to capture minor details of stone tools, such as the outline or dorsal scars. Thus, high-resolution micro-CT technology is the only reliable way to accurately capture the overall morphology of small stone tools. This protocol aims at providing the first detailed procedure dedicated to the scanning of small lithic implements for further three-dimensional analysis. Note that some of the steps must be repeated at different working stages throughout this protocol. In cases where a task must be done in the exact same way as described in a previous step, a reference to that step is provided. When slight changes were made, the step was modified and reported entirely. This protocol contains a few red and green colours (e.g., arrows or within-program colours) which might be perceived differently by people with dyschromatopsia. However, the display of these colours has been kept to a minimum. We recommend the reader to go over the entire protocol carefully, even if only some specific parts are required. A few points are in fact interdependent, and some of them must be applied simultaneously. Content: Part 1 – Styrofoam preparation Part 2 – Micro-CT scanning Part 3 – 3D model extraction of CT scanned stone artifacts using Avizo Part 4 – Cropping extracted surface model to separate Face A and B in Artec Studio Part 5 – Cropping Face A to separate the lines in Artec Studio Part 6 – Cropping each stone artefact from the lines in Artec Studio Part 7 – Virtually control measurements in MeshLab Part 8 – Artec scanning of larger artifacts Part 9 – Export meshes as non-binary ply models for successive analysis in geomorph Three-dimensional example (in ply format) of the effectivity of the StyroStone Protocol: You can download an example of one Styrofoam line in 3D obtained using our protocol to appreciate the result that can be achieved. We have selected a line where objects are characterized by different metric and morphological attributes. Notice the retouching well visible in the last five smaller artifacts (counting from the left when artifact are oriented with the dorsal face in front of the observer and the butt down), as well as the platforms and bulbs of all artifacts. For more information and examples, feel free to contact us!

scholarly journals Motion-Sphere: Visual Representation of the Subtle Motion of Human Joints

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6462
Author(s):  
Adithya Balasubramanyam ◽  
Ashok Kumar Patil ◽  
Bharatesh Chakravarthi ◽  
Jae Yeong Ryu ◽  
Young Ho Chai
Keyword(s):  
Unit Sphere ◽  
User Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
Sequential Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interactive 3D ◽  
Fitness Training ◽  
3D Avatar

Understanding and differentiating subtle human motion over time as sequential data is challenging. We propose Motion-sphere, which is a novel trajectory-based visualization technique, to represent human motion on a unit sphere. Motion-sphere adopts a two-fold approach for human motion visualization, namely a three-dimensional (3D) avatar to reconstruct the target motion and an interactive 3D unit sphere, that enables users to perceive subtle human motion as swing trajectories and color-coded miniature 3D models for twist. This also allows for the simultaneous visual comparison of two motions. Therefore, the technique is applicable in a wide range of applications, including rehabilitation, choreography, and physical fitness training. The current work validates the effectiveness of the proposed work with a user study in comparison with existing motion visualization methods. Our study’s findings show that Motion-sphere is informative in terms of quantifying the swing and twist movements. The Motion-sphere is validated in threefold ways: validation of motion reconstruction on the avatar, accuracy of swing, twist, and speed visualization, and the usability and learnability of the Motion-sphere. Multiple range of motions from an online open database are selectively chosen, such that all joint segments are covered. In all fronts, Motion-sphere fares well. Visualization on the 3D unit sphere and the reconstructed 3D avatar make it intuitive to understand the nature of human motion.

An Acquisition and Display Method for Multi-View 3D Models

2014 ◽  
Vol 1078 ◽  
pp. 341-344
Author(s):  
Ji Chang Long ◽  
Wei Hua Ma ◽  
Chun Lin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
3D Display ◽  
Stereoscopic Displays ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Final Adjustment ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Application Programs ◽  
General Method

Based on the technology of OpenGL and DirectX Wrapper, this paper designs and implements a new general method of data collection and display for the existing three-dimensional models using in multi-view 3D display system. Firstly, by using the technology of OpenGL/DirectX Wrapper, it obtains the application information such as the models, calls and associated data. Secondly, it sends the information to all rendering nodes. Then, according to the multi-view system projection array number and expected angle threshold parameter, each rendering node does the final adjustment and calibration on the obtained information sequentially for multi-view image rendering. Finally, each node transmits corresponding viewpoint image rendered by themselves to the projection equipment, and displays stereo images through 3D device synchronously. This method can be applied to all application programs based on OpenGL or DirectX Library. It is a general method for collecting and displaying multi-view 3D data sources. Experimental results show that this method is of high acquisition and rendering process, the image quality is the same as the source and stereoscopic displays strong. It has a wide range of applications and research value in the field of Engineering.

scholarly journals Beyond the visible spectrum – applying 3D multispectral full-body imaging to the VirtoScan system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören Kottner ◽  
Martin M. Schulz ◽  
Florian Berger ◽  
Michael Thali ◽  
Dominic Gascho
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Image Data ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Ct Scanner ◽  
Body Imaging ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Body

AbstractMultispectral photography offers a wide range of applications for forensic investigations. It is commonly used to detect latent evidence and to enhance the visibility of findings. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) full-body documentation has become much easier and more affordable in recent years. However, the benefits of performing 3D imaging beyond the visible (VIS) spectrum are not well known, and the technique has not been widely used in forensic medical investigations. A multicamera setup was used to employ multispectral photogrammetry between 365 and 960 nm in postmortem investigations. The multicamera setup included four modified digital cameras, ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) light sources and supplemental lens filters. Full-body documentation was performed in conjunction with the use of a medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner to automate the imaging procedure. Textured 3D models based on multispectral datasets from four example cases were reconstructed successfully. The level of detail and overall quality of the 3D reconstructions varied depending on the spectral range of the image data. Generally, the NIR datasets showed enhanced visibility of vein patterns and specific injuries, whereas the UV-induced datasets highlighted foreign substances on the skin. Three-dimensional multispectral full-body imaging enables the detection of latent evidence that is invisible to the naked eye and allows visualization, documentation and analysis of evidence beyond the VIS spectrum.

scholarly journals COMPUTER MODELING USING THE AUTODESK 3D STUDIO MAX EDITOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 440-444
Author(s):  
A.R. Turganbayeva ◽  
◽  
F.K. Bolysbekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Third Party ◽  
School Students ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cross Platform

This article describes in detail the capabilities of the Autodesk 3D Studio Max editor, which allows secondary school students to master three-dimensional computer modeling. To do this, we selected and studied modeling methods that allow us to create models of various complexity. The article provides modules and operators that can create part models and create real-world effects, create relationships between parts, and combine parts with each other and other objects. We studied the well-known visualization tools for working with three-dimensional graphics Autodesk 3D Studio Max. As a result of the experiment, it was proved that this platform is popular due to a wide range of features that facilitate the creation of complex 3D objects and scenes. It turned out that the Autodesk FBX cross-platform was designed to create 3D data and share it. It provides access to 3D models created in most third-party systems. Conclusions were made that it is available for high school students to master.

Computer-assisted stereotaxic laser resection of intra-axial brain neoplasms

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Kelly ◽  
Bruce A. Kall ◽  
Stephan Goerss ◽  
Franklin Earnest
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Metastatic Tumors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Contrast Enhanced Ct ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Computer interpolation of stereotaxic computerized tomography (CT) scanning data allows the transposition of a tumor volume in stereotaxic space. A stereotaxically directed and computer-monitored CO2 laser is then utilized to vaporize that volume as the surgeon monitors the position of a cursor representing the laser beam against planar contours of the tumor displayed on an operating room computer monitor. Computer-assisted stereotaxic laser microsurgery provides precise three-dimensional control for aggressive resection of deep-seated tumors from neurologically important areas with acceptable postoperative results. Thus, a significant cytoreduction can be achieved in addition to providing a tissue diagnosis and internal decompression. The authors report 83 computer-assisted stereotaxic laser procedures for tumor excision in 78 patients. The tumors were located in the thalamus/basal ganglia in 15 patients, ventricular system in five, corpus callosum in four, brain stem in three, and deep and centrally in the hemispheres in 51. Histologically, there were 26 glioblastomas, seven grade III astrocytomas, 14 grade II astrocytomas, 14 metastatic tumors, nine vascular lesions, and eight miscellaneous lesions. Resection of these subcortical lesions was confirmed by postoperative contrast-enhanced CT scanning. Neurological examinations performed 1 week after the 83 procedures revealed that 48 patients had improved from their preoperative level and 23 were unchanged (12 were neurologically normal preoperatively). Twelve patients had an increase in a preoperative neurological deficit, three of whom died in the postoperative period: one from infection, one from pulmonary emboli, and one from brain-stem edema. The average survival period (37.6 weeks) of patients having glioblastomas treated by this technique and irradiation was no different from that of patients having glioblastomas in more favorable locations treated by conventional surgery and irradiation. Patients with circumscribed lower-grade astrocytomas did better in terms of morbidity and completeness of resection than those with infiltrative neoplasms. Other circumscribed lesions, such as metastatic tumors, vascular lesions, and intraventricular tumors, were easily resected by the technique described.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document