scholarly journals Beyond the visible spectrum – applying 3D multispectral full-body imaging to the VirtoScan system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören Kottner ◽  
Martin M. Schulz ◽  
Florian Berger ◽  
Michael Thali ◽  
Dominic Gascho
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Image Data ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Ct Scanner ◽  
Body Imaging ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Body

AbstractMultispectral photography offers a wide range of applications for forensic investigations. It is commonly used to detect latent evidence and to enhance the visibility of findings. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) full-body documentation has become much easier and more affordable in recent years. However, the benefits of performing 3D imaging beyond the visible (VIS) spectrum are not well known, and the technique has not been widely used in forensic medical investigations. A multicamera setup was used to employ multispectral photogrammetry between 365 and 960 nm in postmortem investigations. The multicamera setup included four modified digital cameras, ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) light sources and supplemental lens filters. Full-body documentation was performed in conjunction with the use of a medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner to automate the imaging procedure. Textured 3D models based on multispectral datasets from four example cases were reconstructed successfully. The level of detail and overall quality of the 3D reconstructions varied depending on the spectral range of the image data. Generally, the NIR datasets showed enhanced visibility of vein patterns and specific injuries, whereas the UV-induced datasets highlighted foreign substances on the skin. Three-dimensional multispectral full-body imaging enables the detection of latent evidence that is invisible to the naked eye and allows visualization, documentation and analysis of evidence beyond the VIS spectrum.

An efficient approach to converting three-dimensional image data into highly accurate computational models

2008 ◽  
Vol 366 (1878) ◽  
pp. 3155-3173 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.G Young ◽  
T.B.H Beresford-West ◽  
S.R.L Coward ◽  
B Notarberardino ◽  
B Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesh Generation ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Model Material ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Material Inhomogeneity ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Impact Modelling

Image-based meshing is opening up exciting new possibilities for the application of computational continuum mechanics methods (finite-element and computational fluid dynamics) to a wide range of biomechanical and biomedical problems that were previously intractable owing to the difficulty in obtaining suitably realistic models. Innovative surface and volume mesh generation techniques have recently been developed, which convert three-dimensional imaging data, as obtained from magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, micro-CT and ultrasound, for example, directly into meshes suitable for use in physics-based simulations. These techniques have several key advantages, including the ability to robustly generate meshes for topologies of arbitrary complexity (such as bioscaffolds or composite micro-architectures) and with any number of constituent materials (multi-part modelling), providing meshes in which the geometric accuracy of mesh domains is only dependent on the image accuracy (image-based accuracy) and the ability for certain problems to model material inhomogeneity by assigning the properties based on image signal strength. Commonly used mesh generation techniques will be compared with the proposed enhanced volumetric marching cubes (EVoMaCs) approach and some issues specific to simulations based on three-dimensional image data will be discussed. A number of case studies will be presented to illustrate how these techniques can be used effectively across a wide range of problems from characterization of micro-scaffolds through to head impact modelling.

Functional implications of supercontracting muscle in the chameleon tongue retractors

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (21) ◽  
pp. 3621-3627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Herrel ◽  
Jay J. Meyers ◽  
Peter Aerts ◽  
Kiisa C. Nishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Retractor Muscle ◽  
Muscle Physiology ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ambush Predators ◽  
Full Body

SUMMARYChameleons capture prey items using a ballistic tongue projection mechanism that is unique among lizards. During prey capture, the tongue can be projected up to two full body lengths and may extend up to 600 % of its resting length. Being ambush predators, chameleons eat infrequently and take relatively large prey. The extreme tongue elongation (sixfold) and the need to be able to retract fairly heavy prey at any given distance from the mouth are likely to place constraints on the tongue retractor muscles. The data examined here show that in vivo retractor force production is almost constant for a wide range of projection distances. An examination of muscle physiology and of the ultrastructure of the tongue retractor muscle shows that this is the result (i) of active hyoid retraction, (ii) of large muscle filament overlap at maximal tongue extension and (iii) of the supercontractile properties of the tongue retractor muscles. We suggest that the chameleon tongue retractor muscles may have evolved supercontractile properties to enable a substantial force to be produced over a wide range of tongue projection distances. This enables chameleons successfully to retract even large prey from a variety of distances in their complex three-dimensional habitat.

scholarly journals USE OF IMAGE BASED MODELLING FOR DOCUMENTATION OF INTRICATELY SHAPED OBJECTS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 327-334
Author(s):  
M. Marčiš ◽  
P. Barták ◽  
D. Valaška ◽  
M. Fraštia ◽  
O. Trhan
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Interior Spaces ◽  
Automated Processing ◽  
2D Drawing ◽  
Photogrammetric Measurement

In the documentation of cultural heritage, we can encounter three dimensional shapes and structures which are complicated to measure. Such objects are for example spiral staircases, timber roof trusses, historical furniture or folk costume where it is nearly impossible to effectively use the traditional surveying or the terrestrial laser scanning due to the shape of the object, its dimensions and the crowded environment. The actual methods of digital photogrammetry can be very helpful in such cases with the emphasis on the automated processing of the extensive image data. The created high resolution 3D models and 2D orthophotos are very important for the documentation of architectural elements and they can serve as an ideal base for the vectorization and 2D drawing documentation. This contribution wants to describe the various usage of image based modelling in specific interior spaces and specific objects. The advantages and disadvantages of the photogrammetric measurement of such objects in comparison to other surveying methods are reviewed.

scholarly journals Deep learning classifiers for near infrared spectral imaging: a tutorial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Li Xu ◽  
Cecilia Riccioli ◽  
Ana Herrero-Langreo ◽  
Aoife Gowen
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Spectral Image ◽  
Background Removal ◽  
Wide Range

Deep learning (DL) has recently achieved considerable successes in a wide range of applications, such as speech recognition, machine translation and visual recognition. This tutorial provides guidelines and useful strategies to apply DL techniques to address pixel-wise classification of spectral images. A one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1-D CNN) is used to extract features from the spectral domain, which are subsequently used for classification. In contrast to conventional classification methods for spectral images that examine primarily the spectral context, a three-dimensional (3-D) CNN is applied to simultaneously extract spatial and spectral features to enhance classificationaccuracy. This tutorial paper explains, in a stepwise manner, how to develop 1-D CNN and 3-D CNN models to discriminate spectral imaging data in a food authenticity context. The example image data provided consists of three varieties of puffed cereals imaged in the NIR range (943–1643 nm). The tutorial is presented in the MATLAB environment and scripts and dataset used are provided. Starting from spectral image pre-processing (background removal and spectral pre-treatment), the typical steps encountered in development of CNN models are presented. The example dataset provided demonstrates that deep learning approaches can increase classification accuracy compared to conventional approaches, increasing the accuracy of the model tested on an independent image from 92.33 % using partial least squares-discriminant analysis to 99.4 % using 3-CNN model at pixel level. The paper concludes with a discussion on the challenges and suggestions in the application of DL techniques for spectral image classification.

scholarly journals Assessing the Stability of Surface Lights for use in Retrievals of Nocturnal Atmospheric Parameters

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy E. Solbrig ◽  
Steven D. Miller ◽  
Jianglong Zhang ◽  
Lewis Grasso ◽  
Anton Kliewer
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Infrared Observations ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Geometric Variables ◽  
The Stability

Abstract. Detection and characterization of aerosols is inherently limited at night due to a lack of sensitivity—information typically provided by visible spectrum observations. The VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) onboard the Suomi-NPP satellite is a first-of-its-kind calibrated sensor capable of collecting visible/near-infrared observations during both day and night. Multiple studies have suggested that anthropogenic light emissions such as those from cities and gas flares may be useable as light sources for retrieval of atmospheric properties including cloud and aerosol optical depth. However, their use in this capacity requires proper characterization of their intrinsic variation, which represents a source of retrieval uncertainty. In this study we use 18 months of cloud-cleared VIIRS data collected over five selected geographic domains to assess the stability of anthropogenic light emissions and their response to varied satellite and lunar geometries. Timeseries are developed for each location in each domain for DNB radiance, four infrared channels, and satellite and lunar geometric variables, and spatially-resolved correlation coefficients are computed between DNB radiance and each of the other variables. This analysis finds that while many emissive light sources are too unstable to be used reliably for atmospheric retrievals, some sources exhibit a sufficient stability (relative standard deviation

scholarly journals Approaches to three-dimensional reconstruction of plant shoot topology and geometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon A. Gibbs ◽  
Michael Pound ◽  
Andrew P. French ◽  
Darren M. Wells ◽  
Erik Murchie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Climate Adaption ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
Plant Shoots ◽  
Severe Flooding

There are currently 805 million people classified as chronically undernourished, and yet the World’s population is still increasing. At the same time, global warming is causing more frequent and severe flooding and drought, thus destroying crops and reducing the amount of land available for agriculture. Recent studies show that without crop climate adaption, crop productivity will deteriorate. With access to 3D models of real plants it is possible to acquire detailed morphological and gross developmental data that can be used to study their ecophysiology, leading to an increase in crop yield and stability across hostile and changing environments. Here we review approaches to the reconstruction of 3D models of plant shoots from image data, consider current applications in plant and crop science, and identify remaining challenges. We conclude that although phenotyping is receiving an increasing amount of attention – particularly from computer vision researchers – and numerous vision approaches have been proposed, it still remains a highly interactive process. An automated system capable of producing 3D models of plants would significantly aid phenotyping practice, increasing accuracy and repeatability of measurements.

scholarly journals Tridimensional Spectroscopic Techniques: Conference Summary

1995 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bland-Hawthorn
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Conference Summary ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fabry Perot ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
General Thrust

Over the last four days, we have enjoyed a wide range of talks on developments in three dimensional spectroscopic techniques. The conference organizing committee are to be congratulated for the artful manner in which instrumental presentations were interleaved with talks on the scientific results from these instruments. The general thrust of most talks was to advance the versatility of traditional instruments either through the Jacquinot (throughput) advantage or through the multiplex advantage, or both. A number of groups have attempted to utilize the full aperture of scanning Fabry-Perot and Fourier Transform interferometers. Arguably, Fabry-Perot interferometers have a wider application at present, although imaging Fourier Transform devices appear to have finally arrived, at least in the near infrared.

scholarly journals Embedding X.509 Digital Certificates in Three-Dimensional Models for Authentication, Authorization, and Traceability of Product Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Hedberg ◽  
Sylvere Krima ◽  
Jaime A. Camelio
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Product Lifecycle Management ◽  
Product Lifecycle ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Product Data ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Digital Certificates ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

Exchange and reuse of three-dimensional (3D) product models are hampered by the absence of trust in product-lifecycle data quality. The root cause of the missing trust is years of “silo” functions (e.g., engineering, manufacturing, and quality assurance) using independent and disconnected processes. Those disconnected processes result in data exchanges that do not contain all of the required information for each downstream lifecycle process, which inhibits the reuse of product data and results in duplicate data. The X.509 standard, maintained by the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), was first issued in 1988. Although originally intended as the authentication framework for the X.500 series for electronic directory services, the X.509 framework is used in a wide range of implementations outside the originally intended paradigm. These implementations range from encrypting websites to software-code signing, yet X.509 certificate use has not widely penetrated engineering and product realms. Our approach is not trying to provide security mechanisms, but equally as important, our method aims to provide insight into what is happening with product data to support trusting the data. This paper provides a review of the use of X.509 certificates and proposes a solution for embedding X.509 digital certificates in 3D models for authentication, authorization, and traceability of product data. This paper also describes an application within the aerospace domain. Finally, the paper draws conclusions and provides recommendations for further research into using X.509 certificates in product lifecycle management (PLM) workflows to enable a product lifecycle of trust.

scholarly journals 3D Printing Experimental Validation of the Finite Element Analysis of the Maxillofacial Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingheng Shu ◽  
Haotian Luo ◽  
Yuanli Zhang ◽  
Zhan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects ◽  
Bottom To Top

Contacts used in finite element (FE) models were considered as the best simulation for interactions in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). However, the precision of simulations should be validated through experiments. Three-dimensional (3D) printing models with the high geometric and loading similarities of the individuals were used in the validation. This study aimed to validate the FE models of the TMJ using 3D printing models. Five asymptomatic subjects were recruited in this study. 3D models of mandible, disc, and maxilla were reconstructed according to cone-beam CT (CBCT) image data. PLA was chosen for 3D printing models from bottom to top. Five pressure forces corresponding to the central occlusion were applied to the 3D printing models. Ten strain rosettes were distributed on the mandible to record the horizontal and vertical strains. Contact was used in the FE models with the same geometries, material properties, loadings, and boundary conditions as 3D printing models to simulate the interaction of the disc-condyle, disc-temporal bone, and upper-lower dentition. The differences of the simulated and experimental results for each sample were less than 5% (maximum 4.92%) under all five loadings. In conclusion, it was accurate to use contact to simulate the interactions in TMJs and upper-lower dentition.

scholarly journals Towards an easy generation of scientific three-dimensional models for embedding into 3D PDF (Portable Document Format) files

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Newe
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Portable Document Format ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Biomedical Image Processing ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Biomedical Image ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Document Format

The Portable Document Format (PDF) allows for embedding three-dimensional (3D) models and is therefore particularly suitable to exchange and present respective data, especially as regards scholarly articles. The generation of the necessary model data, however, is still challenging, especially for inexperienced users. This prevents an unrestrained proliferation of 3D PDF usage in scientific communication. This article introduces a new module for the biomedical image processing framework MeVisLab. It enables even novice users to generate the model data files without requiring programming skills and without the need for an intensive training by simply using it as a conversion tool. Advanced users can benefit from the full capability of MeVisLab to generate and export the model data as part of an overall processing chain. Although MeVisLab is primarily designed for handling biomedical image data, the new module is not restricted to this domain. It can be used for all scientific disciplines.

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