scholarly journals Price and income elasticities for alcohol in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Håkan Leifman ◽  
Björn Trolldal
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Price Effect ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Lag Structure ◽  
Yearly Data

Aims:  To study the effect of changes in income as well as prices of beer and arrack, on alcohol sales in Sri Lanka during the period 1981–2017. Design:  The analyses were conducted by means of ARIMA time series analysis for arrack and beer separately. Measures: Yearly data on the sales of beer and arrack in the entire country were used. National GDP figures were used as a proxy measure of income, and yearly price data for arrack and beer were from Colombo, the largest metropolitan area in the country. Results:  No short-term effects of changes in price or income were found on sales. However, changes in the price of beer were significant, with a lag structure, which implies a delayed effect of price changes on the sales of beer. A significant cross-price effect of changes in the price of beer on arrack sales was found as well. Conclusions:  Sales of alcohol in Sri Lanka are not affected by price changes to the same extent as in high income countries. Most likely, the explanations will be found in the different drinking cultures between Sri Lanka and these countries.

Household consumption allocation and the collective household model: Children share of household resources in The Gambia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Madi Mangan
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Nonlinear Least Squares ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Factor Price ◽  
Sharing Rule ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Household Model ◽  
Household Members

This paper applies the collective household model to allocate household resources among household members. With a Collective Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (CQUAIDS) estimated by a Feasible Generalized Nonlinear Least Squares (FGNLS) method, it studies the household demand for six categories of household goods using household income and expenditure survey data from The Gambia, directed to studying the allocation of resources among young and adult members of households in The Gambia. It establishes the sharing rule for children and adult members of the household and shows the effect of demographic, distributive factor, price and income elasticities on the shares of household resources. The results establish that a higher share of resources goes for children while the sharing rule varies for different household types. Also, the findings show significant effects of demographic, distributive factor, price and income on the allocation of the household resources of consumption goods by the household.

The U. S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement: Impact on the U. S. Steel Industry

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold R. Williams ◽  
Thomas J. Botzman
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Steel Mill ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
The Impact

This study empirically estimates the impact of the U. S.-Canada FTA on specific iron and steel exports and imports using quarterly data for the period January 1981 to December 1990. A single equation multiple linear regression model is used to quantify at the industry and industry segment levels the impact of the agreement. The dependent variables are the quantities of major steel products traded between the two nations. The explanatory variables include foreign price adjusted for the exchange rate and tariff rate, domestic price, and the industrial production index. Results include calculation of price and income elasticities, which vary considerably by industry segments. The impact of free trade, as modeled, varies widely from product to product. As such it has important implications not only for government policy and employment but also for the adjustment problems faced by both the large integrated steel mill and the minimill producers.

Reproductive Behavior during the Pre-Transitional Period: Evidence from Rural Bologna

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosella Rettaroli ◽  
Francesco Scalone
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Price Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Born Child ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Daily Wage ◽  
Wage Earners

A longitudinal, micro-level study of the effect of socioeconomic transformations on fertility mechanisms in the rural hinterland of Bologna between 1818 and 1900 (the beginning of the demographic transition) demonstrates that the premature death of a last-born child reduces the interval between two consecutive childbirths. Thus does it confirm the importance of breast-feeding in determining birth spacing. Women living in complex sharecropping households experienced a significantly higher risk of childbirth than did women in families headed by daily wage earners. In addition, the reproductive behavior of sharecroppers seemed to be substantially invariant to short-term fluctuations in prices, whereas the laborers' group experienced a negative price effect. Both descriptive and multivariate analyses indicate a slight and gradual decrease in fertility levels during the period in question.

scholarly journals Unraveling Demand for Dairy-Alternative Beverages in the United States: The Case of Soymilk

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senarath Dharmasena ◽  
Oral Capps
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Targeted Marketing ◽  
The U.S

Soymilk is one of the fastest growing categories in the U.S dairy alternative functional beverage market. Using household-level purchase data from Nielsen's 2008 Homescan panel and the Tobit econometric procedure, we estimate conditional and unconditional own-price, cross-price, and income elasticities for soymilk, white milk, and flavored milk. Income, age, employment status, education level, race, ethnicity, region, and presence of children in a household are significant drivers of demand for soymilk. White milk and flavored milk are competitors for soymilk, and soymilk is a competitor for white milk. Strategies for pricing and targeted marketing of soymilk are also discussed.

Demand and supply: the price mechanism in a market economy.

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-50
Author(s):  
Berkeley Hill
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Price Mechanism ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Factors Of Production ◽  
Complementary Goods

Abstract This chapter discusses the theories of demand and supply, including the factors affecting the demand for commodities (the price of the commodity itself, the incomes of consumers, the price of competitive (or substitute) goods, the price of complementary goods, and the tastes of consumers) as well as the factors affecting supply (the price of the good, the prices of other goods that firms could produce or do produce, the prices of factors of production, the state of technology, and the goals/objectives of firms). The significance of the price and income elasticities of demand to the agricultural sector is highlighted.

Conversion Diplomacy

2018 ◽  
pp. 94-121
Author(s):  
Zoltán Biedermann
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Spiritual Conquest

Chapter 4 explores the ways in which rulers and princes across Sri Lanka followed Bhuvanekabāhu’s initiative and engaged diplomatically with the Portuguese empire. Conversion to Catholicism became a key diplomatic tool during the 1540s. This served the interests of Lankan rulers and princes in the short term, helping them to transfuse imperial ideas into the Portuguese sphere, but also prepared the ground for larger transformations in the longer run, driven by Catholic Universalism. Sri Lanka as a territory of the mind began to emerge among the Portuguese, combining Lankan ideas of the island as a repository of cakravarti emperorship with a novel notion of spiritual conquest. This chapter explores a range of local contexts including diplomacy in Sītāvaka, Kandy, Jaffna, and smaller polities such as Batticaloa. Emphasis is again on local diplomatic agency.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Electricity Demand in Lesotho: A Kalman Filter Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retselisitsoe Isaiah Thamae ◽  
Leboli Zachia Thamae ◽  
Thimothy Molefi Thamae
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Filter Approach

Abstract This study provides an empirical analysis of the time-varying price and income elasticities of electricity demand in Lesotho for the period 1995-2012 using the Kalman filter approach. The results reveal that economic growth has been one of the main drivers of electricity consumption in Lesotho while electricity prices are found to play a less significant role since they are monopoly-driven and relatively low when compared to international standards. These findings imply that increases in electricity prices in Lesotho might not have a significant impact on consumption in the short-run. However, if the real electricity prices become too high over time, consumers might change their behavior and sensitivity to price and hence, energy policymakers will need to reconsider their impact in the long-run. Furthermore, several exogenous shocks seem to have affected the sensitivity of electricity demand during the period prior to regulation, which made individuals, businesses and agencies to be more sensitive to electricity costs. On the other hand, the period after regulation has been characterized by more stable and declining sensitivity of electricity demand. Therefore, factors such as regulation and changes in the country’s economic activities appear to have affected both price and income elasticities of electricity demand in Lesotho.

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