Reproductive Behavior during the Pre-Transitional Period: Evidence from Rural Bologna

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosella Rettaroli ◽  
Francesco Scalone
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Price Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Born Child ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Daily Wage ◽  
Wage Earners

A longitudinal, micro-level study of the effect of socioeconomic transformations on fertility mechanisms in the rural hinterland of Bologna between 1818 and 1900 (the beginning of the demographic transition) demonstrates that the premature death of a last-born child reduces the interval between two consecutive childbirths. Thus does it confirm the importance of breast-feeding in determining birth spacing. Women living in complex sharecropping households experienced a significantly higher risk of childbirth than did women in families headed by daily wage earners. In addition, the reproductive behavior of sharecroppers seemed to be substantially invariant to short-term fluctuations in prices, whereas the laborers' group experienced a negative price effect. Both descriptive and multivariate analyses indicate a slight and gradual decrease in fertility levels during the period in question.

scholarly journals The relationship between maximal expiratory pressure values and critical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients: a post hoc analysis of an observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Combret ◽  
Guillaume Prieur ◽  
Roger Hilfiker ◽  
Francis-Edouard Gravier ◽  
Pauline Smondack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Extubation Failure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Expiratory Muscle ◽  
Maximal Expiratory Pressure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Little interest has been paid to expiratory muscle strength, and the impact of expiratory muscle weakness on critical outcomes is not known. Very few studies assessed the relationship between maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and critical outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between MEP and critical outcomes. Methods This work was a secondary analysis of a prospective, observational study of adult patients who required mechanical ventilation for ≥ 24 h in an 18-bed ICU. MEP was assessed before extubation after a successful, spontaneous breathing trial. The relationships between MEP and extubation failure, and short-term (30 days) mortality, were investigated. Univariate logistic regressions were computed to investigate the relationship between MEP values and critical outcomes. Two multivariate analyses, with and without maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), both adjusted using principal component analysis, were undertaken. Unadjusted and adjusted ROC curves were computed to compare the respective ability of MEP, MIP and the combination of both measures to discriminate patients with and without extubation failure or premature death. Results One hundred and twenty-four patients were included. Median age was 66 years (IQR 18) and median mechanical ventilation duration was 7 days (IQR 6). Extubation failure rate was 15% (18/124 patients) and the rate for 30-day mortality was 11% (14/124 patient). Higher MEP values were significantly associated with a lower risk of extubation failure in the univariate analysis [OR 0.96 95% CI (0.93–0.98)], but not with short-term mortality. MEP was independently linked with extubation failure when MIP was not included in the multivariate model, but not when it was included, despite limited collinearity between these variables. This study was not able to differentiate the respective abilities of MEP, MIP, and their combination to discriminate patients with extubation failure or premature death (adjusted AUC for the combination of MEP and MIP: 0.825 and 0.650 for extubation failure and premature death, respectively). Conclusions MEP is related to extubation failure. But, the results did not support its use as a substitute for MIP, since the relationship between MEP and critical outcomes was no longer significant when MIP was included. The use of MIP and MEP measurements combined did not reach higher discriminative capacities for critical outcomes that MEP or MIP alone. Trial Registration This study was retrospectively registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02363231?cond=NCT02363231&draw=2&rank=1 (NCT02363231) in 13 February 2015

Segregation, Integration, and Death: Evidence from the Korean War

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Connor Huff ◽  
Robert Schub
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Null Finding

Abstract How does the design of military institutions affect who bears the costs of war? We answer this question by studying the transformative shift from segregated to integrated US military units during the Korean War. Combining new micro-level data on combat fatalities with archival data on the deployment and racial composition of military battalions, we show that Black and white soldiers died at similar rates under segregation. Qualitative and quantitative evidence provides one potential explanation for this counterintuitive null finding: acute battlefield concerns necessitated deploying military units wherever soldiers were needed, regardless of their race. We next argue that the mid-war racial integration of units, which tied the fates of soldiers more closely together, should not alter the relative fatality rates. The evidence is consistent with this expectation. Finally, while aggregate fatality rates were equal across races, segregation enabled short-term casualty discrepancies. Under segregation there were high casualty periods for white units followed by high casualty periods for Black units. Integration eliminated this variability. This research note highlights how enshrining segregationist policies within militaries creates permissive conditions for either commanders' choices, or the dictates and variability of conflict, to shape who bears war's costs.

Food, stress, and reproduction: Short-term fasting alters endocrine physiology and reproductive behavior in the zebra finch

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon E. Lynn ◽  
Teresa B. Stamplis ◽  
William T. Barrington ◽  
Nicholas Weida ◽  
Casey A. Hudak
Keyword(s):  
Zebra Finch ◽  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Food Stress

scholarly journals Lalabet Financial Analysis: Study of Islamic Economics at Micro Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-244
Author(s):  
Ainorrofiqie Ainorrofiqie ◽  
Umrotul Khasanah ◽  
Akhmad Djalaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Family ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

This research aims to explore the model of financial management tradition Lalabet in the village of Babbalan District Batuan Sumenep. This study is based on the fact that occurred in the community about the implementation of traditions carried out by the heirs to family members who died. Interpretative qualitative research is used and an in-depth understanding of a problem that occurs is emphasized more. Based on the results of this study, the financial management tradition Lalabet can be done based on accounting equations. The accounts contained in the accounting equation is not used in its entirety and are reported as are generally financial statements. In this case, the source of funds in carrying out Lalabet tradition is sourced from personal money, money and donations from the family, money from Muslimat, debt, and money or goods from Lalabet's proceeds. The impact is the onset of debt both short-term and long-term. While the expenditure is in the form of costs in taking care of the body, costs for tahlilan (petto'arean), pa'polo, nyatos, nyataon, nyaebu, mangaji, ngin-tangin, nyalenin mayyid, and ajege makam (kep-sekep).

South Africa’s COVID-19 lockdown dilemma

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Michael Ward
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
South African ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Medical Emergencies ◽  
Daily Wage ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Wage Earners

Learning outcomes The case presents a significant amount of information on the outbreak of COVID-19 and the expected impact on the economy. Although the case is necessarily concise, several links are given to the online articles and video material on which the case is based. This allows participants to deepen their knowledge of the virus and their understanding of its likely economic impact. To frame the discussion, several philosophies, ranging from Libertarianism to Marxism, are lightly expounded. Readers will need to consider divergent ideas; the sanctity of human life versus the monetary value of a life; the hysteria evoked by COVID-19 deaths versus the placid acceptance of an annual 66,000 deaths by another disease – TB; and the differential economic impact of the virus across extremes of inequality. Perhaps, the key issue relates to the skewness in the death rate: Should young people’s livelihood be sacrificed for a few old people about to die anyway? The case also illustrates the essence of a dilemma – a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially ones that are equally undesirable. Case overview/synopsis In March 2020, South African President Cyril Ramaposa ordered a 21-day national “lockdown” to enable and enforce social distancing in an effort to slow the spread of the COVID-19. Many other countries had already taken similar steps, but in a country with 43,000 murders annually, South Africa’s response to only 11 COVID-19 deaths and 1,071 cases was both rapid and harsh. Schools, businesses, social areas and parks were closed. Medical emergencies, essential services and weekly grocery shopping were the only permissible activities. Two weeks after lockdown, there were 1,845 cases and 18 deaths, a far cry from the predicted 30,000 cases and 300 deaths, estimated on the basis of the three-day doubling rate at the start of lockdown. Many businesses, pulverised by closure, daily wage earners and those fearful of losing jobs were hopeful that the lockdown would not be extended. In a country with immense inequality, how would the masses under the age of 65 years, already in poverty and now with their lives pulled apart by an imported disease of the wealthy, respond to extended social and economic deprivation followed by bailouts for business? Complexity academic level MBA and Executive Education Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 11 Strategy.

scholarly journals Short-term fluctuations in identity: Introducing a micro-level approach to identity formation.

2010 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo A. Klimstra ◽  
Koen Luyckx ◽  
William A. Hale ◽  
Tom Frijns ◽  
Pol A. C. van Lier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Micro Level

A Bottom-Up Approach to Short-Term Immersion in Subsistence Marketplaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu Viswanathan ◽  
Srinivas Venugopal ◽  
Ishva Minefee ◽  
Jeremy S. Guest ◽  
Benito J. Mariñas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Interdisciplinary Team ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
International Immersion ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Life Circumstances

We discuss an international immersion research experience conducted by an interdisciplinary team of business and environmental engineering students and faculty in Tanzania. Using this experience as “data,” we bring out methodological and substantive issues in studying the intersection of poverty and the environment. The approach we describe is bottom-up, beginning with micro-level details of life circumstances. Such micro-level details are often the most challenging to learn and the most neglected in terms of informing practice. Our work speaks to a number of issues such as organizing a short research immersion for effectiveness and efficiency, covering different units of analysis in terms of individuals, households, communities, village-level leadership, and the outside ecosystem of organizations using a bottom-up approach, and combining natural science analytical testing with social science to focus on the substantive domains of environments in subsistence contexts.

Multiple captures of fulvous harvest mice (Reithrodontomys fulvescens) and northern pygmy mice (Baiomys taylori): evidence for short-term co-traveling

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-319
Author(s):  
N.S. Green ◽  
C.E. Early ◽  
L.K. Beard ◽  
K.T. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Capture Probability ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Sex Composition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trap Bias

Multiple captures of small mammals (finding >1 animal in a single trap) are often used to infer pair-bonding activity in arvicoline and cricetine rodents. We analyzed data from a 2-year trapping study to determine whether fulvous harvest mice ( Reithrodontomys fulvescens J.A. Allen, 1894) and (or) northern pygmy mice (Baiomys taylori (Thomas, 1887)) travel in mixed-sex mated pairs. A significant majority of multiple capture events (MCEs) in R. fulvescens were mixed-sex, whereas sex composition of pairs in B. taylori did not differ from random. Multiple capture probability was significantly positively related to abundance and unrelated to sex ratio in both species. Multiple captures of B. taylori were more common in winter, suggesting that individuals may associate to huddle for warmth. Masses of singly captured and multiply captured individuals were not significantly different in either species, contraindicating trap bias. Only one co-captured mixed-sex pair was recaptured as a pair (in R. fulvescens) and several animals of both sexes in both species were co-captured with multiple individuals. We concluded that R. fulvescens co-travels with mates for variable lengths of time, but we found no evidence that multiple captures of B. taylori are related to reproductive behavior.

scholarly journals Price and income elasticities for alcohol in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Håkan Leifman ◽  
Björn Trolldal
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Price Effect ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Lag Structure ◽  
Yearly Data

Aims:  To study the effect of changes in income as well as prices of beer and arrack, on alcohol sales in Sri Lanka during the period 1981–2017. Design:  The analyses were conducted by means of ARIMA time series analysis for arrack and beer separately. Measures: Yearly data on the sales of beer and arrack in the entire country were used. National GDP figures were used as a proxy measure of income, and yearly price data for arrack and beer were from Colombo, the largest metropolitan area in the country. Results:  No short-term effects of changes in price or income were found on sales. However, changes in the price of beer were significant, with a lag structure, which implies a delayed effect of price changes on the sales of beer. A significant cross-price effect of changes in the price of beer on arrack sales was found as well. Conclusions:  Sales of alcohol in Sri Lanka are not affected by price changes to the same extent as in high income countries. Most likely, the explanations will be found in the different drinking cultures between Sri Lanka and these countries.

scholarly journals Multiple jobs? The prevalence, intensity and determinants of multiple jobholding in Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Glavin
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Employment Decisions ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Secondary Employment ◽  
Statistics Canada

While traditional labour market estimates indicate little change in the proportion of workers holding multiple jobs in North America, survey instrument deficiencies may be hiding more substantial growth driven by the gig economy. To address this possibility, I test a broader measure of multiple jobholding to examine its prevalence in the Canadian workforce based on two national studies of workers (2011 CAN-WSH and 2019 C-QWEL studies). Almost twenty percent of workers in 2019 report multiple jobholding—a rate that is three times higher than Statistics Canada estimates. While multivariate analyses reveal that the multiple jobholding rate in 2019 was thirty percent higher than in the 2011 CAN-WSH study, multiple jobholders in 2019 were less likely to report longer work hours in secondary employment. Analyses also reveal that having financial difficulties is consistently associated with multiple jobholding in 2011 and 2019. Collectively, these findings suggest that while the spread of short-term work arrangements has facilitated Canadians’ secondary employment decisions, for many workers these decisions may reflect underlying problems in the quality of primary employment in Canada, rather than labour market opportunity. I discuss the potential links between multiple jobholding, the gig economy and employment precariousness.

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