scholarly journals Analysis of Green and Non-green Energy Poverty among Rural and Urban Households in Oyo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-101
Author(s):  
O. A. Ajetunmobi ◽  
J. O. Oladeebo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

In rural and urban areas of Nigeria where alternative fuels were available, shift away from domestic wood fuel use were not taking place on a very large scale. The urban dwellers that normally use kerosene and gas were now systematically shifting to using charcoals. If energy situation should continue this way, economic growth and human development will be hampered in Oyo State. This study therefore, analysed the green and non-green energy poverty among rural and urban households in Oyo State of Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select samples of two hundred and forty (240) respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire. The result showed that the mean age of all the respondents was 49.3 years while 66% of them were women. The average household size was 5 and 39% of the respondents attended tertiary institutions. Their primary occupation was farming (57%). The major energy sources available to the respondents were kerosene and charcoal (54%). The energy expenditure approach result showed that, 55% of the rural respondents were energy non-poor, 58% of the respondents in the urban areas were energy poor. The relative measure of energy poverty result revealed that 70.8% of all the respondents were energy poor. The logistic regression results showed that household size (p≤0.01), education (p≤0.01), expenditure on food (p≤0.01) were variables which positively determined energy poverty of the rural households; age (p≤0.01), household size (p≤0.01), education (p≤0.01) and expenditure on food (p≤0.01) were positive significant variables which determined energy poverty of the urban households and household size (p≤0.01), expenditure on food (p≤0.01) were positive significant variables that determined energy poverty of the pooled data. In conclusion, there should be an awareness, affordable prices of various energy types, advancement in technology, maintenance practices and revitalization of energy projects in the study area.

scholarly journals The Differences in Self-Medication Factors for Toddler Mothers Between Rural and Urban

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Jati Untari ◽  
Lisa Kartini
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Information Exposure

Introduction: Self-medication occurs in many developing countries in the world, including Indonesia, which can cause a variety of global impacts, namely improper use that can lead to irrational use of drugs, late seeking medical advice, increasing side effects and drug interactions. Self-medication is related to the role of mothers in the household. The purpose of this study to find out the differences in factors that influence maternal behavior in self-medication oftoddler including knowledge, attitudes, income levels, and exposure to information sources between rural and urban areas. Methods: The study was conducted in 2 locations in Gemawang (rural) and Campursari (urban), WonosoboDistrict, Central Java Province. The population of quantitative analytic research with cross sectional design was 78 mothers with children in rural and 75 in urban areas. Data analysis used Kolmogorov-Smirnov because in the normality test the data used shapirowilk from the variables of knowledge, attitudes, income levels and information exposure with self-medication behavior, the result was p = 0.00 (<0.05) so the data was not normally distributed. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. Results: There were differences in knowledge, attitudes, income levels, and exposure to information about mothers oftoddler of self-medication behavior between rural and urban with a value of p=0,000. Conclusions: The behavior of mothers in self-medication of toddler between rural and urban areas has a significant difference with knowledge, behavior, attitudes, income level, and information exposure.

scholarly journals Teachers Perception Regarding Facial Expressions As An Effective Teaching Tool

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem Butt ◽  
Mohammad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Teaching Learning

The major objective of the study was to explore teachers perceptions about the importance of facial expression in the teaching-learning process. All the teachers of government secondary schools constituted the population of the study. A sample of 40 teachers, both male and female, in rural and urban areas of district Peshawar, were selected through a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing ten items regarding facial expressions. It was concluded that teachers deemed the technology of facial expressions very essential and important, not only for themselves, but also for the attainment of students learning outcomes.

scholarly journals Estimating the Generation of Garden Waste in England and the Differences between Rural and Urban Areas

Resources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eades ◽  
Sigrid Kusch-Brandt ◽  
Sonia Heaven ◽  
Charles J. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Garden Waste

Garden waste arising from private households represents a major component of the biodegradable municipal waste stream. To design effective waste valorisation schemes, detailed information about garden waste is a prerequisite. While the biochemical composition of this material is well documented, there is a lack of knowledge regarding both the quantities arising, and quantities entering the services operated by waste management authorities. This work studied the quantities of garden waste arisings at urban and rural households along with the disposal methods used. A door-to-door interview survey, an analysis of kerbside collections of garden waste, and an assessment of materials brought by citizens to a waste recycling site were carried out in Hampshire, UK. If extrapolated nationally, the results indicate that households in England produce an average of 0.79 kg of garden waste per day, or 288 kg per year. On a per capita basis, this corresponds to an annual arising of 120 kg per person, out of which around 70% enters the collection schemes of the waste management authorities. The quantity generated by rural and urban households differed substantially, with rural households producing 1.96 ± 1.35 kg per day and urban households 0.64 ± 0.46 kg per day. Rural households adopted self-sufficient methods of garden waste management such as home composting or backyard burning to a much greater extent compared with urban households. Less than half of the generated rural garden waste entered services operated by the waste collection authorities, while urban households strongly relied on these services. A detailed breakdown of the disposal routes chosen by urban and rural householders can support authorities in tailoring more effective waste management schemes.

scholarly journals Network structure of adolescent well-being traits: Results from a Large-Scale Chinese sample

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Zeng ◽  
Kaiping Peng ◽  
Chuan-Peng Hu
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
Chinese Sample ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Rural And Urban

Background. The mental health and well-being of adolescents are becoming increasingly important globally. Understanding the relationship between different aspects of well-being is crucial for effective interventions of the well-being of adolescents. The present study aims to analyze the network structure of adolescent well-being and identify the central well-being traits. Methods. We used a network model to analyze the network structure of a psychometrically sound measurement of adolescent well-being ---- the engagement, perseverance, optimism, connectedness, and happiness (EPOCH) scale. The dataset comes from a representative sample of Chinese adolescents (17, 854 participants from rural and urban areas from Southern, Northern, and the middle part of China). Results. The twenty items of EPOCH formed a highly interconnected network. The item H4 (“I am a cheerful person.”), E2 (“I get completely absorbed in what I am doing”), and O4 (“I believe that things will work out, no matter how difficult they seem”) were the most central traits. Conclusions. Cheerfulness, engagement in current activity and optimism for the future are most central to the psychological well-being of Chinese adolescents. Future studies should further test the dynamics between these central traits and other well-being traits to find effective interventions of well-being of adolescents.

scholarly journals Correlation of predictions to get a new dental caries with residence area and parental socio-economic conditions in adolescents in Sleman DIY

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Bambang Priyono ◽  
Hari Kusnanto ◽  
Al Supartinah Santoso ◽  
Dibyo Pramono
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Adolescence is a period when an individual experiences physical and psychological growth, thus requiring higher energy intake. As a result, they have a high appetite, but at the same time the supervision of parents on their oral hygiene behavior is decreases. They become free to choose their preferred food, sometimes containing high carbohydrates that may increase risks of dental caries and overweight. Sleman is one of districs in Yogyakarta, also considered as an agglomeration area of Yogyakarta town, which still has urban and rural areas. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the correlation between residence area and parental socioeconomic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Method: This study was an analytic survey study conducted on 275 adolescents in Sleman. Samples were selected by using stratified cluster random sampling technique. Prediction to get a new dental caries was measured by using cariogram, involving 10 variables. Residence area was observed based on territorial characteristics, such as urban and rural areas matched to their ID card. Meanwhile, parental socio-economic condition was measured on daily expenses of their parents. A multiple regression analysis with dummy variables was used to analyses the correlation between the independent and dependent variables at a confidence level of 95%. Result: The results showed that the prevalence of caries in those adolescents in urban areas was 70.7%, while 81.95% in rural areas. The DMFT index in urban areas was 2.27, while 2.65 in rural areas. The mean percentage of prediction to get a new dental caries in urban areas was 47.83 ± 23.63, while 53.61 ± 24.68 in rural areas. The results of the statistical analysis then showed that there was no significant correlation of residence area and parental sosio-econimic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Conclusion: In conclusion, residence areas, rural and urban areas, and parental socio-economic conditions, from low to high economic status were not correlated with prediction to get a new dental caries in adolescents.

scholarly journals Attitudes and Factors Associated With Occurrence of Gender-Based Violence in Rural and Urban Households in Ibadan

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
Adegbite Motunrade Betty
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Influence ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Favourable Attitude ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Gender Based

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is the resultant of gender-related power inequalities at both public and private spheres. GBV occurrence in rural and urban areas of Ibadan is the focus of this study. The study evaluated the attitude and factors associated with GBV occurrence among rural and urban households in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected from 200 respondents in Ibadan using interview schedule and structured questionnaire. Descriptive (frequency counts and percentages) and inferential statistics (PPMC and Regression analysis) were used to analyse the data collected. Many of the respondents (53.3%) had a favourable attitude against GBV. Household size (β = 0.204), attitude against GBV (β = -0.394), family influence (β = 0.287), superiority complex (β = 0.633) and substance abuse (β = 0.347) were factors associated with the rate of GBV occurrence. Despite the favourable attitude of people against GBV, the menace is still prevalent in the society. The general public needs enlightenment on the jeopardy associated with GBV. It is therefore recommended that suitable strategies like social media advocacy and entertainment education be put in place to enlighten the populace on the magnitudes of GBV occurrence so as to abate it among inhabitants.

ACADEMIC STRESS AMONG INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
P. Paparao ◽  
A. Armuthavalli Devi
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Academic Stress ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Intermediate Students ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Personal Inadequacy

An attempt was made in the present investigation is Academic Stres Aim: Objective: s among intermediate students. To study the differences between gender (male & female), type of management (government & private) and locality (rural & urban) on Academic Stress among intermediate students. The sample of the pre Sample: sent investigation was selected 1200 intermediate students in Guttur, Prakasam and Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh State of India. The subjects were in the age group from 15 to 18 years and using systematic random sampling technique Students Academic Stress Sca Tool: le was developed and standardized by Kumar Reddy and Srinivas (1999) was administered. (1). Females are experienced more Academic Conclusions: Stress (Personal Inadequacy, Fear of Failure, Teacher/Pupil Relationship/Teaching Methods and Inadequate Study Facilities) than male. (2). There is no signicant difference between male and female in component of academic stress (Interpersonal difculties with Teachers). (3) Private colleges students are experience more Academic Stress (Personal Inadequacy, Fear of Failure, Interpersonal difculties with Teachers, Teacher/Pupil Relationship/Teaching Methods and Inadequate Study Facilities) than government college students. (4) Students of urban areas are experienced more Academic Stress (Fear of Failure and Teacher/Pupil Relationship/Teaching Methods) than students of rural areas. (5). There is no signicant difference between rural and urban areas in the components of academic stress (Personal Inadequacy, Interpersonal difculties with Teachers and Inadequate Study Facilities).

The Rural–Urban Dichotomy Effects of Social Grants on Sustainable Poverty Alleviation in Polokwane Local Municipality, South Africa

Social Change ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-420
Author(s):  
E.M. Mutyenyoka ◽  
J.P. Tsheola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Social Grants ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition

The scope of this contribution was to interrogate the alleged rural–urban dichotomy effects of social grants on sustainable poverty alleviation. One major problem that has marked previous comparative studies in this area is that there is no universally agreed definition of ‘urban’ or ‘rural’. Their inherent contrasts are critical to the applicability and effects of concerted interventions due to the diversity of actors, agendas, underlying intentions and so on. This contribution was anchored in the belief that socio-economic narratives were intrinsically distributed among rural and urban households as well as societies and so, too, were the effects of intervention strategies. The study, by focusing on Polokwane Local Municipality has argued that social grants have dichotomous and differential effects as a strategy for poverty amelioration in rural and urban settings. The paper has engaged on a scholarship synthesis of characteristics and contexts of the rural–urban dichotomy, types of social grants and dimensions of poverty in rural and urban areas. In our conclusion, we consolidated recommendations revolving around the enhancement of the rural–urban effects of social grants so as to optimise sustainable poverty alleviation across space.

scholarly journals Personality Factors as Determinants of Interest among Adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Bobinder
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Surrounding Areas

The objective of this study is the measurement of interest among adolescents. The incidental purposive sampling technique has been used in the present research. For the collection of data ten high schools and intermediate colleges of Baghpat and its surrounding areas were selected. For the convenience of statistical analysis equal number of 25 subjects in each of the 24 cells of 2x2x2x3 factorial setting was randomly pooled out. Thus, 600 subjects were finally selected for this investigation in which 300 subjects were general, 150 boys and 150 girls of rural and urban areas personality factors. Two tools were used (i) Introversion Extroversion Inventory (IEI) by Dr. P.F. Aziz and Dr. (Miss) R. Agnihotry was used for three traits of personality, (ii) Multi-Factors Interest Questionnaire (MFIQ) developed by Dr. S.D. Kapoor and Dr. R.N. Singh (1979). It provides scores on the eight factors of interest i.e., Business (Bu), Clerical (Cl), Agricultural (Ag.) Mechanical (Me), Scientific (Sc), Outdoor (Od), Aesthetic (As), and Social (So). The result show as that the role of environment as rural and urban is not affective on adolescents. The result of this study supports the conclusion of Morgan (2002).

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Knowledge, Attitude, and Determinants of Tuberculosis-Associated Stigma in Rural and Urban Communities of Lagos State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
David A. Oladele ◽  
Mobolanle R. Balogun ◽  
Kofoworola Odeyemi ◽  
Babatunde L. Salako
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Lagos State

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) is an important public health concern in Nigeria. TB-associated stigma could lead to delayed diagnosis and care, treatment default, and multidrug resistance. Understanding of TB-associated stigma is therefore important for TB control. The study is aimed at determining and comparing the knowledge, attitude, and determinants of TB-associated stigma. Methodology. This was a comparative cross-sectional study among adults in urban and rural areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. Respondents were selected through a multistage sampling technique and interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire, which contained the Explanatory Model Interviewed Catalogue (EMIC) stigma scale. IBM SPSS Statistics Software package version 20 was used for analysis. Results. A total of 790 respondents were interviewed. High proportions of respondents in rural and urban areas were aware of TB (97.5% and 99.2%, respectively). Respondents in the urban areas had overall better knowledge of TB compared to the rural areas (59.4% vs. 23%; p < 0.001 ), while respondents in the rural areas had a better attitude to TB (60.5% vs. 49.9%; p = 0.002 ). The majority of respondents in rural and urban areas had TB-associated stigma (93% and 95.7%, respectively). The mean stigma score was higher in the urban compared to rural areas ( 17.43 ± 6.012 and 16.54 ± 6.324 , respectively, p = 0.046 ). Marital status and ethnicity were the predictors of TB-associated stigma in the rural communities (AOR-0.257; CI-0.086-0.761; p = 0.014 and AOR–3.09; CI-1.087-8.812; p = 0.034 , respectively), while average monthly income and age of respondents were the predictors of TB-associated stigma in urban areas (AOR–0.274; CI–0.009-0.807; p = 0.019 and AOR-0.212; CI–0.057-0.788; p = 0.021 , respectively). Conclusion. TB-associated stigma is prevalent in both rural and urban areas in this study. There is therefore a need to disseminate health appropriate information through the involvement of the community. Also, innovative stigma reduction activities are urgently needed.

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