scholarly journals The Differences in Self-Medication Factors for Toddler Mothers Between Rural and Urban

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Jati Untari ◽  
Lisa Kartini
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Information Exposure

Introduction: Self-medication occurs in many developing countries in the world, including Indonesia, which can cause a variety of global impacts, namely improper use that can lead to irrational use of drugs, late seeking medical advice, increasing side effects and drug interactions. Self-medication is related to the role of mothers in the household. The purpose of this study to find out the differences in factors that influence maternal behavior in self-medication oftoddler including knowledge, attitudes, income levels, and exposure to information sources between rural and urban areas. Methods: The study was conducted in 2 locations in Gemawang (rural) and Campursari (urban), WonosoboDistrict, Central Java Province. The population of quantitative analytic research with cross sectional design was 78 mothers with children in rural and 75 in urban areas. Data analysis used Kolmogorov-Smirnov because in the normality test the data used shapirowilk from the variables of knowledge, attitudes, income levels and information exposure with self-medication behavior, the result was p = 0.00 (<0.05) so the data was not normally distributed. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. Results: There were differences in knowledge, attitudes, income levels, and exposure to information about mothers oftoddler of self-medication behavior between rural and urban with a value of p=0,000. Conclusions: The behavior of mothers in self-medication of toddler between rural and urban areas has a significant difference with knowledge, behavior, attitudes, income level, and information exposure.

scholarly journals Assessment of parents induced self-medication in paediatric population in rural and urban areas of Ahmedabad, Gujarat

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 776
Author(s):  
Sanskruti J. Patel ◽  
Gurusharan H. Dumra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hospital District ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Background: Self-medication is termed as administration of medications by care-givers without medical consultation. It includes several forms through which the individual themselves or the ones responsible for them decide, without medical evaluation, which drug they will use and in which way for the symptomatic relief and cure of a condition. Objectives of the study was to estimate the overall prevalence of parents induced self-medication, to identify the most commonly used drugs and the reasons of self-medications in rural and urban areas of Ahmedabad, Gujarat.Methods: This is community based observational cross sectional study was conducted over a period of four months in urban and rural areas of district Ahmedabad under the field practice area of AMC MET Medical College and Sheth LG General Hospital, district Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The study population included children from 5-15 years. The data was collected from the care giver/parents of the children through a pre-validated questionnaire.Results: Prevalence of self-medication was 86.14%. Most common illness for which self- medication was done was fever in 84 children (22.16%) followed by acidity in 72 children (18.99%). Commonly used drugs were antipyretics, antibiotics and oral rehydration therapy. Previous prescription was used by most of them to procure the drugs and previous experience on efficacy was the most common reason cited.Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of parents induced self-medication is quite high. There is a need to strengthen public education regarding self- medication, by mass media and local government authorities.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Knowledge, Attitude, and Determinants of Tuberculosis-Associated Stigma in Rural and Urban Communities of Lagos State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
David A. Oladele ◽  
Mobolanle R. Balogun ◽  
Kofoworola Odeyemi ◽  
Babatunde L. Salako
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Lagos State

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) is an important public health concern in Nigeria. TB-associated stigma could lead to delayed diagnosis and care, treatment default, and multidrug resistance. Understanding of TB-associated stigma is therefore important for TB control. The study is aimed at determining and comparing the knowledge, attitude, and determinants of TB-associated stigma. Methodology. This was a comparative cross-sectional study among adults in urban and rural areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. Respondents were selected through a multistage sampling technique and interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire, which contained the Explanatory Model Interviewed Catalogue (EMIC) stigma scale. IBM SPSS Statistics Software package version 20 was used for analysis. Results. A total of 790 respondents were interviewed. High proportions of respondents in rural and urban areas were aware of TB (97.5% and 99.2%, respectively). Respondents in the urban areas had overall better knowledge of TB compared to the rural areas (59.4% vs. 23%; p < 0.001 ), while respondents in the rural areas had a better attitude to TB (60.5% vs. 49.9%; p = 0.002 ). The majority of respondents in rural and urban areas had TB-associated stigma (93% and 95.7%, respectively). The mean stigma score was higher in the urban compared to rural areas ( 17.43 ± 6.012 and 16.54 ± 6.324 , respectively, p = 0.046 ). Marital status and ethnicity were the predictors of TB-associated stigma in the rural communities (AOR-0.257; CI-0.086-0.761; p = 0.014 and AOR–3.09; CI-1.087-8.812; p = 0.034 , respectively), while average monthly income and age of respondents were the predictors of TB-associated stigma in urban areas (AOR–0.274; CI–0.009-0.807; p = 0.019 and AOR-0.212; CI–0.057-0.788; p = 0.021 , respectively). Conclusion. TB-associated stigma is prevalent in both rural and urban areas in this study. There is therefore a need to disseminate health appropriate information through the involvement of the community. Also, innovative stigma reduction activities are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Mid-upper arm circumference versus weight for height Z-score for detecting malnutrition in children aged 06-59 months in rural and urban areas of Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1794
Author(s):  
Nandini Shukla ◽  
Neelam Anupama Toppo ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Kasar ◽  
Brajesh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Mid Upper Arm Circumference

Background: WHO and UNICEF propose two independent criteria for diagnosing malnutrition in children aged 6-60 months, viz. mid upper arm circumference and weight-for-height. However, both these criteria do not identify same set of children as having malnutrition, and using only one of the diagnostic criteria proposed by WHO may potentially leave some high-risk children untreated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition by using both mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and weight for height (W/H) and their differences among children.Methods: Cross sectional study carried out in rural and urban areas of Jabalpur district among 1237 children of age group 06-59 months in randomly selected eight ward and two blocks of Jabalpur district. Where 720 children were from urban wards and 517 from rural villages. Multistage random sampling technique was used for the selection of study subjects. Pre-designed and pretested questionnaire was used for interview, Salter’s Scale for weighing, non-stretchable Measuring Tape for measuring height and Shakir’s tape for mid upper arm circumference.Results: In rural area, prevalence of malnutrition according to MUAC is 74 (14.3%) while according to w/h is 102 (19.7%). While in urban, prevalence according to MUAC is 104 (14.4%) while according to w/h is 136 (18.9%).Conclusions: The findings are clear that, prevalence of wasting by W/H is more than by MUAC. With the use of the currently recommended WHO cut-off for MUAC, a significant number of children would not have been identified. A higher cut off value, therefore recommended for screening.

scholarly journals Self-medication practices in urban and rural areas of western India: a cross sectional study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 2672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dnyanesh Limaye ◽  
Vaidehi Limaye ◽  
Gerhard Fortwengel ◽  
Gerard Krause
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Western India ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Study Participants

Background: Concerns about practice of self-medication (SM) world across are based on associated risks such as adverse reactions, disease masking, increased morbidity, wastage of resources and antibiotic resistance. SM is likely to differ between rural and urban areas of India. Systematically retrieved evidence on these differences are required in order to design targeted measures for improvement.Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study among the general population in urban (Matunga) and rural (Tala) areas of Maharashtra, India to explore SM practices and its associated factors. Face to face interviews were conducted using the validated study questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and analytical statistical methods.Results: A total of 1523 inhabitants from 462 households were interviewed between [June/2015] and [August /2015], 778 (51%) of them in rural and 745 (49%) in urban areas. Overall self-medication prevalence was 29.1% (urban; 51.5%, rural; 7.7%, OR 12.7, CI 9.4-17.2) in the study participants. Participants having chronic disease (OR: 3.15, CI: 2.07-4.79) and from urban areas (OR:15.38, CI:8.49-27.85) were more likely to self-medicate. Self-medication practices were characterized by having old prescription (41.6%) as the main reason, fever (39.4%) as top indication and NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Agents) as the most self-medicated category of drugs (40.7%).Conclusions: The present study documented that the prevalence of self-medication is associated with place of residence, and health status of the study participants. Self-medication is still a major issue in western Maharashtra, India and is majorly an urban phenomenon. Status of implementation of existing regulations should be reconsidered. 

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of oral hygiene knowledge and practices among patients visiting a public Dental Institute

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Irfan ◽  
Agha Taymoor Ali ◽  
Suneel Kumar Punjabi ◽  
Mowaffaq Abdullmomen Al Absi ◽  
Talha Asad Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Range

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Knowledge regarding oral hygiene and routine practices of maintaining that hygiene contributes to good oral and overall health of a person. The objective of the study was to evaluate the oral hygiene perception and practices among patients belonging to rural and urban areas visiting a public dental institute. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the dental outpatient department (OPD) of the Institute of Dentistry Liaquat University Jamshoro Sindh from June-December 2019. All patients who reported the dental OPD during the duration of the study belonging to either gender and age 18-70 years were included in the study. While those who reported in emergency with painful conditions and chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, etc., were excluded. A written questionnaire was used to collect participant’s information including socio-demographic details and information related to oral hygiene perceptions and practices. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 24.0. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 28.94±9.84 years, with an age range of 19-58 years. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between female and male participants regarding knowledge and perception of the role of oral cleaning in decay prevention, different methods of preventing dental problems, and the role of remnants of sweet food in damaging teeth. While statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the type of toothbrush used, brushing technique, and frequency of changing toothbrush was demonstrated between participants belonging to rural and urban regions. CONCLUSION: Knowledge and routine practices regarding oral hygiene are much lower in residents of the rural region compared with the urban region.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Adherence to Preventive Measures in Cuenca, Ecuador, October 2020, a Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4657
Author(s):  
David Acurio-Páez ◽  
Bernardo Vega ◽  
Daniel Orellana ◽  
Ricardo Charry ◽  
Andrea Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

A door-to-door survey was organised in Cuenca, Ecuador, to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 infection and adherence of the population to COVID-19 preventive measures. A total of 2457 persons participated in the study; 584 (23.7%) reported having experienced at least one flu-like symptom since the onset of the pandemic. The maximum SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Cuenca was 13.2% (CI: 12–14.6%) (IgM or IgG positive). Considering PCR confirmed infections, the prevalence was 11% (CI: 10–12.4%). There was no significant difference in seroprevalence between rural and urban areas. Participants aged 35–49 years old, living with a COVID-19 positive person, at least six people in a household, physical contact with someone outside the household, a contact with a person outside the home with flu-like symptoms, using public transport, and not having enough resources for living, significantly increased the odds for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Overall, there was good adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures. Having known someone who tested positive for COVID-19, having a primary or secondary level of education, and having enough resources for living, significantly increased the odds for higher adherence. In conclusion, despite good overall adherence of the population of Cuenca with COVID-19 preventive measures, our study suggests high ongoing COVID-19 transmission in Cuenca, particularly in certain parishes. Prevention should not only focus on behavioural change, but on intensified testing strategies in demographical risk groups.

scholarly journals Cost of Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Pan India Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312199849
Author(s):  
Raghuram Nagarathna ◽  
M Madhava ◽  
Suchitra S Patil ◽  
Amit Singh ◽  
K. Perumal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Of Disease ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major noncommunicable disease. While mortality rates are increasing, the costs of managing the disease are also increasing. The all-India average monthly expenditure per person (pppm) is reported to be ₹ 1,098.25, which translates to an annual expenditure of ₹13,179 per person. Purpose: While a number of studies have gone into the aspect of the cost of disease management, we do not find any study which has pan-India reach. We also do not find studies that focus on differences (if any) between rural and urban areas, age or on the basis of gender. We planned to report the cost of illness (COI) in diabetes individuals as compared to others from the data of a pan-India trial. Methods: Government of India commissioned the Indian Yoga Association to study the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in India in 2017. As part of the questionnaire, the cost of treatment was also captured. Data collected from 25 states and union territories were analyzed using the analysis of covriance (ANCOVA) test on SPSS version 21. Results: There was a significant difference ( P < .05) between the average expenses per person per month (pppm) of individuals with self-reported known diabetes (₹1,357.65 pppm) and others (unknown and/or nondiabetes individuals–₹ 999.91 pppm). Similarly, there was a significant difference between rural (₹2,893 pppm) and urban (₹4,162 pppm) participants and between those below (₹1,996 pppm) and above 40 years (₹5,059 pppm) of age. Conclusion: This preliminary report has shown that the COI because of diabetes is significantly higher than others pointing to an urgent need to promote disease-preventive measures.

scholarly journals Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e042762
Author(s):  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
Shao-Hua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Elements of Opportunity and Poultry Farms Performance in Delta State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Rodney A. Isiorhovoja
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
T Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Poultry Farmers

The paper examines the existence, if any, of differences in gross margin between rural and urban areas in Delta State, Nigeria. Data were collected from all 275 poultry farmers registered with the Delta State Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Department. The null hypotheses was that there is no significant difference in poultry farm gross margin between locations in terms rural and urban areas; managers with formal education in agriculture and managers who have no formal education in agriculture; and managers who have and who do not have prior experience in poultry business. Data were collected from all 275 poultry farmers registered with the State Ministry Agriculture using copies of a structured questionnaire and were analyzed using frequency counts, means and T-test. Amongst the findings were: Majority of poultry business operators have low level formal education in disciplines not related to agriculture; there was a significant difference in the mean number of years of schooling and courses studied between rural and urban areas but that there was no significant difference in number of years of prior experience. The T-test results failed to reject the three null hypotheses. The study concluded that indeed elements of opportunity may vary from place to place but the ability to exploit the benefits may moderate or accentuate performance. Entrepreneurial capacity building was recommended for poultry business operators’ state wide.

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