X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of heavy  metals in selected rice samples sold on the Liberian  market: a case study conducted in  Paynesville City, Greater Monrovia

Background: Environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals can be lead to the possible contamination of rice. Rice is a staple food widely consumed in the urban and rural parts of Liberia daily. Rice is cultivated in approximately 113 countries and a fundamental source for energy and protein. Objective: The study assesses selected heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Se, and Cr) concentration in selected imported rice and traditionally grown rice and bulgur wheat in Liberia. Methods: Six grade of imported rice, Bulgar wheat, and traditionally grown rice were purchased from the Duport Road and Red-Light markets in Greater Monrovia and analyze using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. All data were analyzed using XLSTAT, and data was used to calculate the risk factor of each rice sample. Results: The mean concentration of heavy metal found in the rice as follow: As, 1.31ppm; Cd, 9.42ppm; Cr. 12.3ppm; Se, 5.73ppm; and Pb, 1.75ppm. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated in combination with the rice consumption data. The mean intakes of As, Cd, Cr, Se, and Pb through rice were estimated to be 1.32, 9.42. 12.4. 5.74, and 1.75 mg/kg BW/day. Chromium has the average estimated daily intake. The combined hazard index for the heavy metals in each sample and the total cancer risk for each sample contributed most significantly to a cancer risk of rice consumption during adult life expectancy.Conclusion: The selected heavy metal concentration from the rice sample was above the FAO/WHO reference Standard but was within the range of the contaminant level except for chromium, which is above the accepted range. However, the hazard index and the total cancer risk indicate a potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk.

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Heavy metal contamination in processed seafood and the associated health risk for Malaysian women

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-03-2020-0280 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 122 (10) ◽

pp. 3099-3114

Author(s):

Pravina Jeevanaraj ◽

Aliah Ahmad Foat ◽

Halimah Tholib ◽

Nurul Izzah Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Health Risk ◽

Heavy Metal Contamination ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Seafood Consumption ◽

Content Type ◽

Risk Of Cancer ◽

Malaysian Women

PurposeMalaysians are the highest seafood consumers in the region; be it fresh or processed. Environmental pollution has put the safety of seafood at stake, heavy metals among others. This study was done to assess the health risk associated with selected heavy metals ingestion from processed seafood.Design/methodology/approachThe most preferred processed seafood type and the intake rates were determined from a cross-sectional survey among communities in Shah Alam, Selangor (n = 90). The processed seafood were then purchased from local traders (n = 81), underwent homogenization, acid digestion (0.5 g) in Multiwave 3,000 and heavy metal quantitation (Hg, Pb, Cd, As) using ICP-MS. Estimated weekly ingestion (EWI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), lifetime cancer risk (LCR), and target risk (TR) were used to estimate the risk associated with processed seafood consumption.FindingsArsenic was the highest metal detected, acetes topping the list (10.05 ± 0.02 mg/kg). Mercury was detected at significantly higher level in salted fourfinger threadfin (0.88 ± 0.09 mg/kg) while Pb and Cd in toli shad (2.67 ± 0.16 mg/kg; 0.32 ± 0.22 mg/kg). Non-cancer risk was estimated for consumption of dried/salted food types with hazard index (HI) anchoives (5.2) > salted fourfinger threadfin (1.8) > toli shad (1.7). Besides, an unacceptable cancer risk was estimated for all food types for continuous consumption (Total risk (TR) > 10–4), except the dried acetes.Research limitations/implicationsThis study implies that although the concentration of most heavy metals were well below the permitted value, significant amount of risk present for consumption of several species. In addition, for selected heavy metals such as Hg and As, speciation analysis followed by risk assessment would provide a clearer picture.Practical implicationsThere is a need to refer back to the local permissible level of heavy metals in processed seafood and formulate safe consumption guide.Social implicationsThe food types are advised to be consumed with caution especially by the sensitive group.Originality/valueThis study estimated the risk of cancer and other non-cancer disease from processed seafood consumption among Malaysian women.

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AIR POLLUTION RISK TO HEALTH OF THE POPULATION OF THE CITIES SAMARA AND NOVOKUIBYSHEVSK

Hygiene and Sanitation ◽

10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-8-729-733 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 96 (8) ◽

pp. 729-733 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vyacheslav V. Suchkov ◽

E. A. Semaeva

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Total Cancer Risk ◽

Total Cancer ◽

Carcinogenic Effects ◽

Near Future ◽

The City

There are presented results of the analysis of a risk to public health of cities of Samara and Novokuibyshevsk. We assessed the content of harmful substances in the air at fixed stations located within the city boundaries on a well-ventilated area. The risk to health is calculated in accordance with the R 2.1.10.1920-04. During the period 2014-2015 we fixed the impurity concentration in excess of the average daily maximal permissible concentrations of carcinogens of the first and second classes of danger (benzo[a]pyrene and formaldehyde), as well as ammonia, which has a general toxic effect. The average concentration of phenol and formaldehyde within the territory of the city of Novokuibyshevsk were in the range of the average daily maximal permissible concentrations. Within the city of Samara in the air annual average concentrations of formaldehyde, only slightly exceeding the daily maximal permissible concentrations value of 1.39 in 2015 were registered. The total cancer risk to public health in the city of Samara as a whole for the period 2014-2015 amounted to 2.77·10-4, the total hazard index - 18.35. For the health of the population of the city of Novokuibyshevsk the level of total cancer risk is equal to 1.37·10-4, the total hazard index - 14.64. Hexavalent chromium, formaldehyde and benzene seem to be main pollutants that form the total level of carcinogenic risk to public health in the cities of Samara and Novokuibyshevsk. Copper (I place ranking), contained in large quantities in the emissions of non-ferrous metallurgy is the priority chemical, forming the total index of the risk of developing non-carcinogenic effects in the population of the city of Samara and Novokuibyshevsk. Petrochemicals are related with the values of the total cancer risk and total hazard index unacceptable for public health in cities of Samara and Novokuibyshevsk and require planned measures aimed at improving the environment in the near future.

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Heavy Metal Content and Health Risk Assessment of Urban Road Dust from the Historical Center of Havana, Cuba

10.21203/rs.3.rs-333351/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Oscar Diaz Rizo ◽

Amaya Casanova Díaz ◽

Arianna Torres Ramos ◽

Dayron Ramos López

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Pollution Index ◽

Road Dust ◽

X Ray ◽

Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽

Urban Road ◽

The Mean ◽

Historical Center

Abstract Street road dust samples were collected at 33 stations of the Historical center of Old Havana. Samples were analyzed for the determination of some (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) heavy metal concentrations using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument. The mean concentrations of the elements are Zn (548.7 mg/kg), Pb (60.8 mg/kg), Co (7.0 mg/kg) Ni (60.6 mg/kg) and Cu (73.6 mg/kg) were Zn and Pb showed higher values of the background. The study of the Enrichment Factor (EF), the Pollution Index (IP) and the Integral Pollution Index (IPI), showed some stations with high values of contamination close to construction places. Zn was identified as the major pollutant fallowed by the Pb. Nevertheless, the Hazard Index (HI) and Carcinogenic Risks (CR) values do not show risk of getting non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic diseases associated to the analyzed pollutants.

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Combined Influence of Low-Grade Metakaolins and Natural Zeolite on Compressive Strength and Heavy Metal Adsorption of Geopolymers

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11050486 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 486

Author(s):

Alcina Johnson Sudagar ◽

Slávka Andrejkovičová ◽

Fernando Rocha ◽

Carla Patinha ◽

Maria R. Soares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Natural Zeolite ◽

Metal Adsorption ◽

Low Grade ◽

Heavy Metal Adsorption ◽

Adsorption Model ◽

X Ray ◽

Adsorption Capacities

Metakaolins (MKs) prepared from low-grade kaolins located in the Alvarães (A) and Barqueiros (B) regions of Portugal were used as the aluminosilicate source to compare their effect on the compressive strength and heavy metal adsorption of geopolymers. Natural zeolite, an inexpensive, efficient adsorbent, was used as an additive in formulations to enhance geopolymers’ adsorption capacities and reduce MK utilization’s environmental footprint. Geopolymers were synthesized with the replacement of MK by zeolite up to 75 wt.% (A25, B25—25% MK 75% zeolite; A50, B50—50% MK 50% zeolite; A75, B75—75% MK 25% zeolite; A100, B100—100% MK). The molar ratios of SiO2/Al2O3 and Na2O/Al2O3 were kept at 1 to reduce the sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide environmental impact. Geopolymers’ crystallography was identified using X-ray diffraction analysis. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy to understand the effect of zeolite incorporation. Chemical analysis using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy yielded information about the geopolymers’ Si/Al ratio. Compressive strength values of geopolymers obtained after 1, 14, and 28 days of curing indicate high strengths of geopolymers with 100% MK (A100—15.4 MPa; B100—32.46 MPa). Therefore, zeolite did not aid in the improvement of the compressive strength of both MK-based geopolymers. The heavy metal (Cd2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) adsorption tests exhibit relatively higher adsorption capacities of Barqueiros MK-based geopolymers for all the heavy metals except Cd2+. Moreover, zeolite positively influenced divalent cations’ adsorption on the geopolymers produced from Barqueiros MK as B75 exhibits the highest adsorption capacities, but such an influence is not observed for Alvarães MK-based geopolymers. The general trend of adsorption of the heavy metals of both MK-based geopolymers is Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cr3+ when fitted by the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. The MK and zeolite characteristics influence geopolymers’ structure, strength, and adsorption capacities.

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Estimation of dose and cancer risk to newborn from chest X-ray in South-South Nigeria: a call for protocol optimization

Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine ◽

10.1186/s43055-021-00445-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Akintayo Daniel Omojola ◽

Michael Onoriode Akpochafor ◽

Samuel Olaolu Adeneye ◽

Isiaka Olusola Akala ◽

Azuka Anthonio Agboje

Keyword(s):

Cancer Risk ◽

Age Groups ◽

Field Size ◽

Radiological Protection ◽

International Studies ◽

X Ray ◽

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽

Chest X Ray ◽

Neonatal Patient ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background The use of X-ray as a diagnostic tool for complication and anomaly in the neonatal patient has been helpful, but the effect of radiation on newborn stands to increase their cancer risk. This study aims to determine the mean, 50th percentile (quartile 2 (Q2)), and 75th percentile (quartile 3 (Q3)) entrance surface dose (ESD) from anteroposterior (AP) chest X-ray and to compare our findings with other relevant studies. The study used calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), which was positioned on the central axis of the patient. The encapsulated TLD chips were held to the patients’ body using paper tape. The mean kilovoltage peak (kVp) and milliampere seconds (mAs) used was 56.63(52–60) and 5.7 (5–6.3). The mean background TLD counts were subtracted from the exposed TLD counts and a calibration factor was applied to determine ESD. Results The mean ESDs of the newborn between 1 and 7, 8 and 14, 15 and 21, and 22 and 28 days were 1.09 ± 0.43, 1.15 ± 0.50, 1.19 ± 0.45, and 1.32 ± 0.47 mGy respectively. A one-way ANOVA test shows that there were no differences in the mean doses for the 4 age groups (P = 0.597). The 50th percentile for the 4 age groups was 1.07, 1.26, 1.09, and 1.29 mGy respectively, and 75th percentile were 1.41, 1.55, 1.55, and 1.69 mGy respectively. The mean effective dose (ED) in this study was 0.74 mSv, and the estimated cancer risk was 20.7 × 10−6. Conclusion ESD was primarily affected by the film-focus distance (FFD) and the patient field size. The ESD at 75th percentile and ED in this study was higher compared to other national and international studies. The estimated cancer risk to a newborn was below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) limit for fatal childhood cancer (2.8 × 10−2Sv−1).

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Heavy metal levels in cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) foraging in some abattoirs in Lagos State metropolis

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-021-00529-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elijah Abakpa Adegbe ◽

Oluwaseyi Oluwabukola Babajide ◽

Lois Riyo Maina ◽

Shola Elijah Adeniji

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Metal Accumulation ◽

Heavy Metal Contamination ◽

Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽

Bubulcus Ibis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Metal Levels ◽

Lagos State ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Heavy metal accumulation in the ecosystem constitutes a potential toxic effect which is hazardous to human health. Increasing environmental pollution has necessitated the use of cattle egrets to evaluate the levels of heavy metal contamination, to establish their use in biomonitoring of heavy metals and to provide data for monitoring pollution in the environment. Results The present study assessed the utilization of Bubulcus ibis in monitoring pollution in five abattoirs, namely Agege, Bariga, Kara, Itire and Idi-Araba, all situated in Lagos State. The concentration of five (5) heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) was determined in the liver, muscle and feather of Bubulcus ibis using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The trend of metal accumulation was in the order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Ni for all the sampled tissues. The mean tissue concentrations of the metals were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the sites. The highest levels of metal concentration were reported in the liver in all the locations. Mean concentration of Cd in Kara (0.003 ± 0.00058) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those found at Agege (0.0013 ± 0.00058) and Idi-Araba (0.001 ± 0.001). A significant difference (p < 0.05) was also observed between the mean concentrations of Cu in Bariga (0.01 ± 0.001) and Idi-Araba (0.003 ± 0.001). Conclusion All the studied heavy metals were present in the liver, muscle and feathers of the cattle egrets. The contamination levels were ascertained from the study which indicated that cattle egrets are useful in biomonitoring studies and the generated data will serve as baseline data which could be compared with data from other locations for monitoring heavy metal pollution.

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Assessment of heavy metals contamination and associated risks in shallow groundwater sources from three different residential areas within Ibadan metropolis, southwest Nigeria

Applied Water Science ◽

10.1007/s13201-021-01414-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Saheed Adekunle Ganiyu ◽

Abimbola Temitope Oyadeyi ◽

Azeem Adedeji Adeyemi

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Urban Area ◽

Ecological Risk ◽

Water Samples ◽

Risk Index ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

World Health ◽

Southwest Nigeria ◽

The Mean

AbstractThis study has been conducted to appraise the concentrations of selected heavy metals and total dissolved solids (TDSs) in the drinking water from shallow wells in parts of Ibadan metropolis, southwest Nigeria. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected from three representative residential locations [traditional core area (TCA), peri-urban area (PUA), and urban area (UA)] for geochemical analysis. Heavy metals and TDS were analyzed with the aid of atomic absorption spectrophotometer and calibrated meter, respectively. The mean concentration (mg/L) of Zn, Pb Mn, Fe, and Cd has been 3.930, 0.658, 0.0304, 1.698, and 0.501, respectively, and as a consequence, the order of abundance of studied metals was Zn > Fe > Pb > Cd > Mn. Concentrations of Zn, Fe, Pb, and Cd were higher than recommended standards in 60%, 86.7%, 100%, and 100% of groundwater samples, respectively. However, at all points tested, the mean concentrations of Mn and TDS in water samples lie within the safe limits set by World Health Organization. The evaluation of geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor suggests that representative water samples were low-to-moderate contamination. The potential ecological risk index advocates low-to-moderate ecological risk in TCA and PUA, while it demonstrated exclusive “moderate” risk in UA. Further, the range of pollution load index (PLI) (0.55–1.32) in both TCA and PUA shows nil-to-moderate pollution status, while PLI values > 1 in UA indicate moderate contaminated state. The degree of contamination in groundwater showed the following trends: UA > TCA > PUA in the study area. Moreover, the results of EF and quantification of contamination of analyzed metals in water samples indicate geogenic and anthropogenic inputs. The contribution of studied metals to the incidence of non-cancer risk via oral intake within the residential sites follows the order: cadmium > lead > zinc > iron > manganese. The hazard index as a result of ingested heavy metals for the three population classes surpasses the acceptable range in the order of infant < child < adult. Cadmium and lead made considerable impact to the estimation of cancer risk in the study area for the three human population categories. Factor analysis extracted only one component that explained 94.64% of the entire variance, while cluster analysis identified three distinct groups based on similar water quality characteristics. Based on the findings of the study, awareness programs toward protecting the shallow groundwater sources should be launched, encouraged, and sustained. Moreover, the study suggests better hygienic practices and pre-treatment of contaminated water before consumption.

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Heavy metal and essential elements in beers from turkey market: A risk assessment study

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327121993215 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096032712199321

Author(s):

M Charehsaz ◽

S Helvacıoğlu ◽

S Çetinkaya ◽

R Demir ◽

O Erdem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Multiple Heavy Metals

In this study, the level of arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and also essential elements in beer samples consumed in Turkey were investigated using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The heavy metal-induced non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated. For essential elements, the calculated estimated daily intake of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) from beer consumption were compared with their toxicity reference values. Tukey post-hoc test showed that As was found at a significantly higher level when compared to Pb. Also, a significant correlation was found between As level and alcohol by volume percent. All samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As in the high beer consumer group. This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the alcohol content of beer, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the heavy metals content of these beverages.

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Impact of considering non-occupational radiation exposure on the association between occupational dose and solid cancer among French nuclear workers

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oemed-2017-104341 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 199-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lucie Fournier ◽

Enora Cléro ◽

Eric Samson ◽

Sylvaine Caër-Lorho ◽

Dominique Laurier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Occupational Exposure ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Environmental Radiation ◽

Occupational Radiation Exposure ◽

X Ray ◽

Work Related ◽

The Mean ◽

Occupational Radiation

ObjectivesThe French nuclear worker cohort allows for the assessment of cancer risk associated with occupational radiation exposure, but workers are also exposed to medical and environmental radiation which can be of the same order of magnitude. This study aims to examine the impact of non-occupational radiation exposures on the dose-risk analysis between occupational radiation exposure and cancer mortality.MethodsThe cohort included workers employed before 1995 for at least one year by CEA, AREVA NC or EDF and badge-monitored for external radiation exposure. Monitoring results were used to calculate occupational individual doses. Scenarios of work-related X-ray and environmental exposures were simulated. Poisson regression was used to quantify associations between occupational exposure and cancer mortality adjusting for non-occupational radiation exposure.ResultsThe mean cumulative dose of external occupational radiation was 18.4 mSv among 59 004 workers. Depending on the hypotheses made, the mean cumulative work-related X-ray dose varied between 3.1 and 9.2 mSv and the mean cumulative environmental dose was around 130 mSv. The unadjusted excess relative rate of cancer per Sievert (ERR/Sv) was 0.34 (90% CI −0.44 to 1.24). Adjusting for environmental radiation exposure did not substantially modify this risk coefficient, but it was attenuated by medical exposure (ERR/Sv point estimate between 0.15 and 0.23).ConclusionsOccupational radiation risk estimates were lower when adjusted for work-related X-ray exposures. Environmental exposures had a very slight impact on the occupational exposure risk estimates. In any scenario of non-occupational exposure considered, a positive but insignificant excess cancer risk associated with occupational exposure was observed.

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Use of Two Aquatic Snail Species as Bioindicators of Heavy Metals in Tigris River-Baghdad

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2020.61.7.6 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1589-1592

Author(s):

Harith Saeed Al-Warid ◽

Hayder Z Ali ◽

Ghassan Nissan ◽

Abbas Haider ◽

Ahmed Yosef

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Metal Pollution ◽

Heavy Metal Pollution ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Snail Species ◽

Tigris River ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Concentration ◽

Bellamya Bengalensis

Thirty individuals of Bellamya bengalensis and Physella acuta were collected and identified from the Tigris River in Baghdad during the period between October to November 2017. The efficiency of bioaccumulation of the two species as bioindicators for aquatic heavy metal pollution with Cd, Ni, Pb and Cu was investigated. Both snail species had the ability to accumulate heavy metals. The mean of Ni concentration in soft tissues of both snails was 1.53 ppm while the mean concentration of other heavy metals was significantly lower; they reached 0.51 ppm, 0.36 ppm and 0.29 ppm, respectively. While no significant differences between B. bengalensis and P.acuta were noticed in the ability to accumulate the heavy metals. It is concluded that both snails shared the features of good bioindicators due to their sensitivity to pollution.:

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