A Measure for the Extra-costs to Evaluate the Global Cost of Credit

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Luisa Tibiletti ◽  
Mariacristina Uberti
Keyword(s):  
Global Cost

scholarly journals Identification of Cost-Optimal Measures for Energy Renovation of Thermal Envelopes in Different Types of Public School Buildings in the City of Valencia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5108
Author(s):  
María Esther Liébana-Durán ◽  
Begoña Serrano-Lanzarote ◽  
Leticia Ortega-Madrigal
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
The Eu

In order to achieve the EU emission reduction goals, it is essential to renovate the building stock, by improving energy efficiency and promoting total decarbonisation. According to the 2018/844/EU Directive, 3% of Public Administration buildings should be renovated every year. So as to identify the measures to be applied in those buildings and obtain the greatest reduction in energy consumption at the lowest cost, the Directive 2010/31/EU proposed a cost-optimisation-based methodology. The implementation of this allowed to carry out studies in detail in actual scenarios for the energy renovation of thermal envelopes of public schools in the city of Valencia. First, primary school buildings were analysed and classified into three representative types. For each type, 21 sets of measures for improving building thermal envelopes were proposed, considering the global cost, in order to learn about the savings obtained, the repayment term for the investment made, the percentage reduction in energy consumption and the level of compliance with regulatory requirements. The result and conclusions will help Public Administration in Valencia to draw up an energy renovation plan for public building schools in the city.

scholarly journals Bevacizumab for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Global Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Goldstein ◽  
Qiushi Chen ◽  
Turgay Ayer ◽  
Kelvin K. W. Chan ◽  
Kiran Virik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Global Cost

An Algorithm of Complete Coverage Path Planning for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

2011 ◽  
Vol 467-469 ◽  
pp. 1377-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Zhong Yan ◽  
Da Qi Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Path Planning ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Coverage Path Planning ◽  
Underwater Environment ◽  
Global Cost

Complete coverage path planning (CCPP) is an essential issue for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles’ (AUV) tasks, such as submarine search operations and complete coverage ocean explorations. A CCPP approach based on biologically inspired neural network is proposed for AUVs in the context of completely unknown environment. The AUV path is autonomously planned without any prior knowledge of the time-varying workspace, without explicitly optimizing any global cost functions, and without any learning procedures. The simulation studies show that the proposed approaches are capable of planning more reasonable collision-free complete coverage paths in unknown underwater environment.

Self Compacting Concrete Structures: A Techno-Economic Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 624-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolae Cazacu ◽  
Aurelia Bradu ◽  
Nicolae Florea
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Self Compacting Concrete ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
Placement Method ◽  
Global Cost

The concept of self-compacting concrete (SCC) was performed in late 1980 by Japanese researchers as a solution for the lack of skilled workers and decreasing quality in building industry. The high fluidity of SCC allows flowing under its own weight, filling completely the formwork without any vibration or material segregation, providing a higher quality of the concrete surface. Since its discovery, a large number of researcher studied its rheological properties, adjusted mix design methods and analysed mechanical characteristics. The placement method for conventionally concrete is no more valid for SCC, as mixture behaviour changed substantially. This aspect was less examined and the published material is inconsistent, even though it plays an essential role in the assessment of the global cost of a building. The aim of this study is to investigate materials cost, the labour requirements, formwork demands, methods of placement and construction time for building a structure using SCC and vibrated concrete and compare the results.

scholarly journals Development of a Tool to Analyze the Economic Viability of Energy Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Fernando Carreras ◽  
Gerald Steinmaurer
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Trade Prices ◽  
Operative Costs ◽  
Austrian Law ◽  
Effective Analysis

Energy Communities (EC) are an instrument to improve the efficiency and autarky of Smart Grids by increasing the local consume of the energy locally produced. Energetic (energy flows, CO2 emissions) and economic (operative costs, acquisition and maintenance of technologies) aspects of all components of the EC must be evaluated to quantify the participation of the EC to achieve the proposed goal. Effective analysis of EC must account for numerous complexities and uncertainties, requiring advanced computational tools. The main contribution of this paper is the introduction of a software package to analyze the viability of ECs focused on the particularities imposed by the new Austrian law for renewable energies, which optimizes the energy flows between all participants. The results of the test case show more than a 14.2% reduction of global cost. At the same time, all participants achieve better results operating inside of the EC than alone. The range of cost reductions varies between 2.75% and 51%. The spread of these reductions opens a question about a fair and optimal way to set trade prices inside of the EC for future works.

Effiziente Versorgung, präferenzgerechte Versicherung und gerechte Lastenverteilung in der Krankenversicherung

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eckhard Knappe ◽  
Stefan Härter
Keyword(s):  
Cost Containment ◽  
Statutory Health Insurance ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Health Insurance System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Future Burden ◽  
Containment Policy ◽  
German Statutory Health Insurance

AbstractThe German Statutory Health Insurance System (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung) has been in a continuous reform process for the past twenty years. This reform process was mostly dominated by the model of a cost-containment policy. Most health economists are not in favour of a global cost-containment policy, because it cannot solve the structural deficiencies within the system. As a result we recommend a further strategy of deregulation so that competitive processes will be enforced. This in turn will be more responsive to the preferences of the insured and patients and sets incentives for insurers and health-providers to follow efficiency goals in a static and dynamic way in order to mitigate the future burden of the demographic changes.

scholarly journals Global cost-benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Hutton ◽  
Laurence Haller ◽  
Jamie Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

The aim of this study was to estimate the economic benefits and costs of a range of interventions to improve access to water supply and sanitation facilities in the developing world. Results are presented for eleven developing country WHO sub-regions as well as at the global level, in United States Dollars (US$) for the year 2000. Five different types of water supply and sanitation improvement were modelled: achieving the water millennium development goal of reducing by half in 2015 those without improved water supply in the year 1990; achieving the combined water supply and sanitation MDG; universal basic access to water supply and sanitation; universal basic access plus water purification at the point-of-use; and regulated piped water supply and sewer connection. Predicted reductions in the incidence of diarrhoeal disease were calculated based on the expected population receiving these interventions. The costs of the interventions included estimations of the full investment and annual running costs. The benefits of the interventions included time savings due to easier access, gain in productive time and reduced health care costs saved due to less illness, and prevented deaths. The results show that all water and sanitation improvements are cost-beneficial in all developing world sub-regions. In developing regions, the return on a US$1 investment was in the range US$5 to US$46, depending on the intervention. For the least developed regions, investing every US$1 to meet the combined water supply and sanitation MDG lead to a return of at least US$5 (AFR-D, AFR-E, SEAR-D) or US$12 (AMR-B; EMR-B; WPR-B). The main contributor to economic benefits was time savings associated with better access to water and sanitation services, contributing at least 80% to overall economic benefits. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that even under pessimistic data assumptions the potential economic benefits outweighed the costs in all developing world regions. Further country case-studies are recommended as a follow up to this global analysis.

Global cost pressures may be settling, if not falling

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Content Type ◽  
Global Cost

Headline INTERNATIONAL: Costs may be settling, if not falling

Regularized spherical harmonics-domain spatial active noise cancellation in a reverberant room

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. 4733-4742
Author(s):  
Shoken Kaneko ◽  
Nirupam Roy ◽  
Nail Gumerov ◽  
Ramani Duraiswami
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Spherical Harmonics ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Microphone Array ◽  
Noise Cancellation ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Active Noise Cancellation ◽  
Active Noise ◽  
Global Cost

Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) at a target area in an open space, as opposed to cancellation in the ears through headphones, can lead to future applications. For instance, a personal acoustic environment in an airplane seat or inside a car, or a quiet zone in a noisy shared workspace can be possible using such open-space ANC without any uncomfortable on-body audio equipment. Recent advancements reinforce the practicality of such systems. However, regularization of the cancellation signal has been a crucial challenge in open-space ANC as it causes amplification of noise at locations away from the target area. This work presents a spherical harmonics-domain feed-forward spatial ANC method with a room-wide global cost function to address this issue. This room-wide global cost function is used for optimizing the set of regularization hyperparameters, while at run time only local information captured by a microphone array surrounding the target listening zone is required. Numerical experiments applying the proposed method in a simulated reverberant room show the effectiveness of the proposed method in creating a specific zone of silence with low to moderate noise amplification in the rest of the room.

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