scholarly journals Tensiometers for Rice Water Footprints

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-27
Author(s):  
Rajan Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Rice Water ◽  
Water Tension

Water footprints (WFs) of rice are quite higher viz. 992 billion cubic metres per year (Gm3 yr−1) than from the other cereals which further responsible for the lower water productivity. Out of global WFs for crop production viz. 7404 Gm3 yr−1 corresponds to 78 % green, 12 % blue, and 10 % grey water, respectively. Around 3000-4000 litres of water required for one kg of rice grains and conventional puddle transplanted flood irrigations responsible for this. Therefore, there is an urgent need to cut down rice WFs share. Over irrigated pounded water under conventional puddle transplanted rice responsible for the emissions of the green house gases in atmosphere, which further has its own complications. With time, due to excessive withdrawals of the underground water, the water table is declining at a faster rate and seems to be beyond the reach of the middle class rice farmers. Rice water productivity declining day by day due to huge water demand of rice crop followed by reduced yields. A major share of the applied irrigation water lost/evaporate in the atmosphere. Soil water tension controls the soil moisture dynamics and directly linked to the plant need based approach. Being a kharif crop, rice season faces harsh summers and where evaporative demands of atmosphere intensified to many folds and thus, irrigation water has to be applied frequently. Annually additional water of worth US $ 39 million is withdrawn in NW Indian Punjab state for feeding crops, particularly rice. Tensiometer is the only instrument provided to the rice farmers for applying irrigation water judiciously based on the plant need which further cut down WFs from 18 to 22%. This practise where on one side saves irrigation water, improves declining land as well as water productivity of rice, also controlled the emissions of GHGs from the soil.

scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation Threshold on Crop Performances in Wet Seeded Rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
S Parveen ◽  
E Humphreys ◽  
M Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Labour Requirement ◽  
Water Tension

Decreasing availability and increasing costs of water and labour are driving researchers and farmers to find management strategies that increase input water productivity and reduce labour requirement in rice production. Wet seeding instead of transplanting greatly reduces the labour requirement for crop establishment, whereas use of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) instead of continuous flooding reduces irrigation input. However, the safe threshold for irrigating wet seeded rice (WSR), and how this varies with growth stage, has not been established. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different degrees of irrigation threshold during different crop growth stages on crop performance of WSR. This was done in greenhouse experiment in the 2011 wet season at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. In the experiments, water stresses were applied by withholding irrigation until soil water tension increased to 10, 20 or 40 kPa at 10 cm below the soil surface. Soil water tension was measured using 30 cm long gauge tensiometer installed with the center of the ceramic cup. The stresses were applied during three crop stages: 3-leaf (3L) to panicle initiation (PI), PI to flowering (FL), and FL to physiological maturity (PM). The experiment was also included a continuously flooded (CF) treatment. Stress during 3L to PI increased the time to PI (by 2 to 4 days) but reduced the duration of grain filling by 3 to 5 days, the larger values with 20 and 40 kPa thresholds. There was no effect of stress thresholds of 10 to 40 kPa during PI-FL on crop duration. Stress during grain filling reduced the duration of grain filling by 6 days for all thresholds. Stresses of 20 and 40 kPa during 3L to PI reduced green leaf and tiller density at PI, but this effect disappeared with the imposition of CF after PI. There were consistent trends for lower final biomass as the level of water deficit stress increased, and imposition of stresses of 20 and 40 kPa at any or all three stages significantly reduced biomass compared with CF. These results suggest that, for shortening the ripening period, water stress may be imposed as 10 to 20 kPa during FL to PM. Bangladesh Rice j. 2018, 22(1): 73-81

scholarly journals Water use and onion crop production in no-tillage and conventional cropping systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Waldir Aparecido Marouelli ◽  
Rômulo P Abdalla ◽  
Nuno R Madeira ◽  
Henoque R da Silva ◽  
Aureo S de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Water Tension

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of crop residue covers (0.0; 4.5; 9.0; 13.5 t ha-1 millet dry matter) on water use and production of onion cultivated in no-tillage planting system (NT) as compared to conventional tillage system (CT). The study was carried out at Embrapa Hortaliças, Brazil, under the typical Savanna biome. Irrigations were performed using a sprinkle irrigation system when soil-water tension reached between 25 and 30 kPa. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications. Total net water depth applied to NT treatment was 19% smaller than the CT treatment, however, water savings increased to 30% for the first 30 days following seedlings transplant. Crop biomass, bulb size and yield, and rate of rotten bulbs were not significantly affected by treatments. The water productivity index increased linearly with increasing crop residue in NT conditions. Water productivity index of NT treatments with crop residue was on average 30% higher than that in the CT system (8.13 kg m-3).

scholarly journals Assessment of Crop Water Productivity in an Intensively Cultivated Watershed of Peninsular India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Avil Kumar ◽  
M. Uma Devi ◽  
M.D. Reddy ◽  
A. Mani ◽  
D.V. Mahalaxmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Peninsular India

Background: India is facing high water stress and it is amongst those with the most fragile and uncertain water resource countries in the world. Crop productivity depends on quality of input supply including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and supported by irrigation facilities. In India, ground water irrigates more than 61% of net cropped area and much of water being used for irrigating rice crop. The disproportionate water uses for crop production results in poor water productivity. The planning of water resources could be achieved by knowing the crop water requirements in different seasons and productivity of water. Hence, study was taken up to assess the water use and productivity of crops under intensively ground water irrigated watershed.Methods: A study conducted to assess the water use and productivity of different crops grown in Kothakunta sub watershed (having 206 working bore wells with cultivated area of 203.5 ha) in Siddipet district of Telangana, India during kharif and rabi season of 2008 to 2012, data were collected from 147 farmers on rice, maize, cotton, potato, flora beans and tomato crops grown under irrigation. The water applied to crops was measured by fixing water meters at the end of water delivery pipe and recorded the quantity of water applied each time. For rice crop four plots were taken and for other crops two plots were taken for measuring the water. The water use and productivity were assessed by using standard procedure. Result: The water productivity was found to be higher to vegetables, which ranged between 2.43 kg of potato, 1.57 kg of beans and 1.26 kg of tomato than cereals (0.79 kg for maize and 0.39 kg for rabi rice) per cubic meter of irrigation water consumed. Water productivity in terms of monetary return (₹) per cubic meter of water consumed was higher with beans (₹ 17.20) in contrast to potato (₹ 16.12). Rice equivalent yield (REY) calculated per cubic meter of irrigation water consumption was very similar to economic return (₹ per cubic meter of water).

scholarly journals Effect of Water Deficit Stress on Yield Performances in Wet Seeded Rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
S Parveen ◽  
E Humphreys ◽  
M Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Consistent Trend ◽  
Labour Requirement ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Water Tension

Worldwide fresh water scarcity and labour unavailability in agriculture are driving researchers and farmers to find management strategies that will increase water productivity and reduce labour requirement. Wet seeding instead of transplanting rice greatly reduces the labour requirement for crop establishment, while use of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) instead of continuous flooding reduces irrigation input. However, the safe threshold for irrigating wet seeded rice (WSR) at different crop stages has not been investigated. Therefore, experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different degrees of water stress during different crop growth stages on yield performance of WSR. This was done in greenhouse experiment in the 2011 wet season 2011 at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. In the experiment, water stresses were applied by withholding irrigation until soil water tension increased to 10, 20 or 40 kPa (kilo pascal) at 10 cm below the soil surface. Soil water tension was measured using 30 cm long guage tensiometer installed with the center of the ceramic cup. The stresses were applied during three crop stages: 3-leaf (3L) to panicle initiation (PI), PI to flowering (FL), and FL to physiological maturity (PM). The experiment also included a continuously flooded (CF) treatment. The number of drying events ranged from 8-12 during 3L-PI, 6-10 during PI-FL and 6-10 during FL-PM. There was a consistent trend for a decline in the number of irrigations and irrigation input with increasing irrigation threshold, and thresholds of 20 and 40 kPa resulted in significantly lower input than with CF. There were consistent trends for lower grain yield as the level of water deficit stress increased, and imposition of stresses of 20 and 40 kPa at any or all three stages significantly reduced grain yield compared with CF. There was a trend for the reduction in grain yield to be greater when the stresses were imposed at all three stages compared with a single stage, but the differences were not significant. There was a consistent trend for irrigation water productivity (WPi) to decrease as the irrigation threshold increased, with significantly lower values for a 40 kPa threshold at any stage, in comparison with CF. This was because the decline in water input to the pots was less than the decline in yield as the threshold increased. The results suggest that the optimum threshold for irrigation of WSR is 10 kPa during the vegetative and grain filling stages, and that the soil should be kept at close to saturation during PI-FLBangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(1): 1-12

scholarly journals Innovative Land Arrangement in Combination with Irrigation Methods Improves the Crop and Water Productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) under Raised and Sunken Bed Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2087
Author(s):  
Pijush Das ◽  
Biswajit Pramanick ◽  
Subhendu Bikash Goswami ◽  
Sagar Maitra ◽  
Sobhy M. Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
L System ◽  
Raised Bed

The underground water and water storage reservoirs are rapidly depleting due to nominal recharging by the rainfalls making water a scarce resource for irrigation resulting in poor crop growth and production. Irrigation water application should focus on the proficient use of each drop of water. Water productivity (WP) in agriculture can be improved through crop diversification, proper land and water management techniques. Considering this, a field investigation was carried out during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 to study the crop response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) + okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) system to land configurations and irrigation regimes. Three raised-sunken beds (RSB) having width (m) ratios of 1:3, 2:3, 3:3 and two irrigation schedules viz. continuous standing water (CSW) of 5 ± 2 cm depth and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) at 3 ± 1 days interval for rice in sunken bed were tested. Rice yield was more (4.36 and 4.89 Mg ha−1) under CSW irrigation than AWD irrespective of raised bed width. The highest okra yield was noted by 14.09 and 15.43 Mg ha−1 with AWD in 1:3 RSB systems, whereas the lowest yield was recorded in CSW 1:3 RSB systems. Rice equivalent yield (REY) was found as the maximum in AWD than CSW irrespective of raised and sunken bed configurations. The AWD in 3:3 RSB systems exhibited the highest WP of 1.02 and 1.01 kg m−3 during the first and second year of study, respectively. Wider RSB system of land configuration ratio of 3:3 saved about 40–45% of irrigation water. Such information will help in the planning of an innovative intercropping system of summer rice + okra in the field by changing the land configuration to the raised bed and sunken bed with the AWD irrigation system.

scholarly journals Improving rice water productivity using alternative irrigation (case study: North of Iran)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji ◽  
Abdolmajid Liaghat ◽  
Mojtaba Khoshravesh ◽  
Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rice Water ◽  
Alternative Irrigation

Abstract Increasing population and the need for more food has made forces on water resources due to crop productions. One of the strategies for preventing the overuses of safe water resources for agriculture is to increase agricultural productivity by reducing the amount of irrigation water with a slight reduction or even maintaining the yields. Rice production in the northern region of Iran which is strategically and economically very important, requires irrigation management changing with traditional irrigation methods (flood irrigation). This study was conducted in 2017–2018 crop season to investigate the effect of different irrigation management on water consumption, rice yield and water productivity in paddy field of Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran. The experiment was performed in the field in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and four treatments in 12 plots. The treatments were TI (Traditional/flood Irrigation), AI1, AI3 and AI5 (Alternative Irrigation one, three and five days after the disappearance of water from the soil surface, respectively). The number of yield components and the water productivity indexes were determined. The results of this study showed a significant difference (at 1% level) between irrigation treatments in terms of yield components including tiller number, Panicle length, filling percentage, and water productivity, but they did not have any significant effect on plant height and grain yield. The applied irrigation water for TI, AI1, AI3, and AI5 treatments was measured to be 7,940, 4,910, 4,090 and 3,290 m3/ha, respectively. The maximum yield (6.11 ton/ha) belonged to TI treatment and after that with the value of 6.02 ton/ha was belong to AI5 treatment with the least application of water. Rice water productivities for TI, AI1, AI3, and AI5 treatments were calculated to be 0.82, 1.05, 1.38 and 1.83 kg/m3, respectively. Therefore, alternate irrigation five days after the disappearance of surface water (AI5) was accepted to be the best irrigation practices among the other different irrigation management due to 56.07% reduction in water use and only 1.47% reduction in grain yield compared to control treatment.

scholarly journals Yield and water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) relative to scheduling of irrigations

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaik Jaffar Basha* ◽  
Sitha Rama Sarma A.
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Use Efficiency

Irrigation scheduled at seven days’ interval during vegetative stage and four days’ interval during reproductive stage resulted in significantly higher panicle number and panicle weight, filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield. Permanent irrigation and interval irrigation methods had higher yield in comparison with saturated irrigation method in rice. Dry seeded rice significantly increased the water productivity with respect to irrigation water over wet seeded and transplanted rice. Intermittent irrigation in rice cultivation may reduce irrigation water use considerably (27-37%) compared with flooded rice cultivation. aerobic rice significantly required less water (67.91 ha-1 cm) to produce higher or on par yield as compared to transplanted puddled rice (122.59 ha-1 cm). Similarly, WUE was significantly higher in aerobic rice (81.31 kg ha-1 cm) as compared to transplanted rice (36.12 kg ha-1 cm). The irrigation schedule having three days’ drainage period after disappearance of ponded water yielded rice higher with maximum water use efficiency compared to continuous submergence or submergence at critical stages such as tillering, panicle initiation, flowering and milk, followed by saturation or field capacity between intermittent periods.

AquaCrop model simulation under different irrigation water and nitrogen strategies

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Khoshravesh ◽  
Behrouz Mostafazadeh-Fard ◽  
Manouchehr Heidarpour ◽  
Ali-Reza Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Aquacrop Model

On a global scale, irrigated agriculture consumes about 72% of available freshwater resources. Deficit irrigation can be applied in the field to save irrigation water and still lead to acceptable crop production. The AquaCrop model is a simulation model for management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. This model is a new model that is accurate, robust and requires fewer data inputs compared with the other models. The purpose of this study was to simulate canopy cover, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) for soybean using the AquaCrop model. A field line source sprinkler irrigation system was conducted under full and deficit irrigation using different nitrogen fertilizer applications during two cropping seasons for soybean at Gorgan province in Iran. The simulation results showed a reasonably accurate prediction of yield, canopy cover and WUE in all cases (error less than 23%). The simulated pattern of canopy progression over time was close to measured values, with Willmott's index of agreement for all the cases being ≥0.95 for different parameters. The AquaCrop model has the ability to simulate the WUE of soybean under different irrigation water and nitrogen applications. This model is a useful tool for managing the crop water productivity.

IRRIGATION SCHEDULE OF LONG-FRUIT CUCUMBERS AND HYDROAMELIORATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRIP IRRIGATION IN PLASTIC GREENHOUSE

2019 ◽  
pp. 307-313
Author(s):  
Rumiana Kireva ◽  
Roumen Gadjev
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Irrigation Technology ◽  
Irrigation Technologies ◽  
Pressure Flows ◽  
Efficient Water Use

The deficit of the irrigation water requires irrigation technologies with more efficient water use. For cucumbers, the most suitable is the drip irrigation technology. For establishing of the appropriate irrigation schedule of cucumbers under the soil and climate conditions in the village of Chelopechene, near Sofia city, the researchеs was conducted with drip irrigation technology, adopting varying irrigation schedules and hydraulic regimes - from fully meeting the daily crops water requirements cucumbers to reduced depths with 20% and 40%. It have been established irrigation schedule with adequate pressure flows in the water source, irrigation water productivity and yields of in plastic unheated greenhouses of the Sofia plant.

Citrus Carbohydrate Levels were Related to Irrigation Frequency but Not Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Inoculum

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498a-498
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Fidelibus ◽  
Chris A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Root Starch ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Water Tension

Sugar and starch concentrations in leaves and roots of Citrus volkameriana Tan and Pasq were measured in response to irrigation frequency and AMF inoculum. Non-mycorrhizal seedlings were treated with a soil inoculum from one of five different communities of AMF; two AMF communities from Arizona citrus orchard soils, and three communities from undisturbed desert soils. Plants were assigned to frequent (soil water tension > –0.01 MPa) or infrequent (soil water tension > –0.06 MPa) irrigation cycles and were container-grown in a glasshouse for 4 months before tissues were analyzed. Fungal inoculum source did not affect shoot or root carbohydrate levels. Plants grown under high irrigation frequency had increased leaf and root starch levels and increased root sugar levels compared with those under low irrigation frequencies. High irrigation frequency also increased shoot mass.

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