scholarly journals Detection of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia and Concurrent Diseases in Outbreaks Presenting with Respiratory Signs in Small Ruminants in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-83
Author(s):  
Andrew Chota ◽  
Gabriel Shirima ◽  
Lughano Kusiluka
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis ◽  
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Concurrent Infections ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bio Engineering

Aims: To establish the prevalence and concurrent diseases in outbreaks presenting with respiratory signs, major associated clinical signs and postmortem lesions and proportions of those diseases in clinically and autopsied small ruminants for a proper diagnosis and control strategies. Study Design: Purposive outbreaks investigation. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Global Health, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering (LiSBE), Nelson Mandela Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) between September 2016 and December 2018. Methodology: We included investigations of outbreaks of diseases presenting with respiratory signs in small ruminants reported from five agro-ecological zones in Tanzania. Small ruminats with clinical signs or postmortem lesions suggestive of respiratory involvement were subjected to clinical or postmortem examination. Samples from all examined animals were tested in the laboratory using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the tentative diagnosis. Results: A total of 205 small ruminats were examined and tested, of these 72.2% and 20.8% were goats and sheep respectively. In goats, 79.1% (117/148) and sheep, 28.1% (16/57) were confirmed to have concurrent infections, and pneumonic pasteurellosis and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) for goats, and PPR for sheep being mostly involved diseases. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) was detected in 16.1% (n=205) of the animals, and was significantly high in goats (p=0.003, OR=7.3) than sheep. Pneumonic mannheimiosis (prevalence = 9.3%) was less likely to affect goats than sheep (p=0.047, OR=0.38). In goats (n=148), detection of all diseases was significantly (p<0.05) low in clinically examined animals except pneumonic pasteurellosis and PPR, (p =0.056, OR=2.1) and (p=0.096, OR=2.15) respectively, though the difference was not significant. In sheep (n=57), CCPP was significantly (p=0.005, OR=0.17) more likely to be detected in clinically examined animals. Conclusion: In investigations of outbreaks presenting with respiratory signs in small ruminants, it is important to consider concurrent infections in the interventions and control strategies to be deployed, which may include development and use of multivalent vaccines.

scholarly journals Diagnosis Challenges and Control Strategies of Transboundary Diseases Presenting with Respiratory Signs in Small Ruminants in Developing Countries: Emphasis on Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia and Peste Des Petits Ruminants

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
A. C. Chota ◽  
G. M. Shirima ◽  
L. J. M. Kusiluka
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Phd Thesis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bio Engineering

Aims: To review the diagnosis challenges and control strategies of the diseases presenting with respiratory signs. The emphasis being more on two transboundary animal diseases of small ruminants; contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Clinical signs and postmortem lesions associated with the two diseases were also explicated. Study Design: Review. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Global Health, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering (LiSBE), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) from December 2017 to June 2020. Methodology: A comprehensive review was carried out following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 506 articles, handbooks, Master’s and PhD thesis and conference proceedings were collected and after removal of the duplicates 80.6% (424/526) passed the first stage. Of the remaining search materials, (n=291) were removed including handbooks, master’s and PhD thesis which did not originate from the developing countries, 31.4% (133/424) passed the second. Of the articles that passed the second stage, (n=85) were removed from the study, these included all articles that did not involve field diagnosis such as review papers and those not originating from the developing countries, 36.1% (48/133) passed the third stage. In the fourth stage, (n=5) articles which reported on retrospective cases and archived samples were removed and 43 articles were reviewed. Results: Out of the 526 documents retrieved, 43 were eligible for review as they met all criteria for inclusion. Control strategies were recommended in 44.2% (19/43) of the articles of which most of them 63.2%, 12/19) recommended vaccination as a control strategy. Most of the articles reported definitive diagnosis reached following laboratory involvement as majority of them involved outbreak investigation or research works which is not the case in routine diagnosis. The major clinical signs mentioned in the review articles including fever 60.9% (14/23), oculonasal discharge 87.0% (20/23), respiratory distress 82.6% (19/23), erosive stomatitis 43.5% (10/23), diarrhea 56.5% (13/23) and coughing 30.4% (7/23) have been discussed relating to the definitive diagnosis reached in reporting articles. On the other hand, postmortem lesions including lung consolidation 38.1% (8/21), intestinal hemorrhage 38.1% (8/21), lung congestion 28.6% (6/21), serofibrinous pleurisy 28.6% (6/21), pneumonic lungs 23.8% (5/21) and unilateral lung inflammation 14.3% (3/21), have been discussed in relation to the definitive diagnosis reached.  Conclusion: Despite the similarities in clinical signs and postmortem lesions associated with diseases presenting with respiratory signs, definitive diagnosis of CCPP was reached in cases that involved clinical signs and postmortem lesions confined in the respiratory system whereas, PPR was more diagnosed in cases that presented with clinical signs and postmortem lesions associating the digestive system. However, presence of respiratory signs in the cases the diagnosed PPR may implicate presence of unidentified secondary bacterial infections. Vaccinations being the most advocated approach of control, require a broader look to make sure that polyvalent vaccines are available against the four common diseases. Also, use of treatment to reduce the effect of secondary infecting bacteria may be of help. Furthermore, for effective outcomes of the control strategies, collaborative efforts among countries at risk should be advocated.

scholarly journals Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile in Food-Producing Animals, Horses and Household Pets: A Comprehensive Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Kachrimanidou ◽  
Eleni Tzika ◽  
George Filioussis
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Ribotype 078 ◽  
And Control

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is ubiquitous in the environment and is also considered as a bacterium of great importance in diarrhea-associated disease for humans and different animal species. Food animals and household pets are frequently found positive for toxigenic C. difficile without exposing clinical signs of infection. Humans and animals share common C. difficile ribotypes (RTs) suggesting potential zoonotic transmission. However, the role of animals for the development of human infection due to C. difficile remains unclear. One major public health issue is the existence of asymptomatic animals that carry and shed the bacterium to the environment, and infect individuals or populations, directly or through the food chain. C. difficile ribotype 078 is frequently isolated from food animals and household pets as well as from their environment. Nevertheless, direct evidence for the transmission of this particular ribotype from animals to humans has never been established. This review will summarize the current available data on epidemiology, clinical presentations, risk factors and laboratory diagnosis of C. difficile infection in food animals and household pets, outline potential prevention and control strategies, and also describe the current evidence towards a zoonotic potential of C. difficile infection.

scholarly journals Resistencia a los antihelmínticos: origen, desarrollo y control.

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dildo Márquez Lara
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Control

<p>Una variada gama de antihelmínticos modernos, con espectro amplio y alto grado de eficacia, como los benzimidazoles, los agonistas nicotínicos y las lactonas macrocíclicas, se encuentran disponibles comercialmente en el mundo para el control de las infecciones causadas por helmintos en rumiantes. El uso intensivo y la administración inadecuada de antihelmínticos, en épocas y grupos de rumiantes no apropiados, han contribuido al desarrollo de resistencia a estas sustancias, lo que constituye un obstáculo importante para el control de los endoparásitos. La resistencia antihelmíntica se ha reportado principalmente en pequeños rumiantes y es escasa la información relacionada con los nemátodos de bovinos. Se han identificado algunos factores aceleradores del proceso de desarrollo de resistencia, entre ellos factores genéticos, reproductivos y ecológicos de los parásitos, así como factores de orden antrópico, siendo la resistencia una característica heredable. El aumento de la resistencia a los antihelmínticos en la última década, así como los requerimientos de información sobre su ocurrencia e incidencia, han señalado la necesidad de desarrollar y estandarizar técnicas más sensibles para su detección. Hay varias técnicas disponibles <em>in vivo </em>e <em>in vitro </em>útiles para detectar la resistencia antihelmíntica, si bien la prueba de Reducción del Conteo de Huevos Fecales (RCH) es la más usada. La detección temprana de esta condición es un factor esencial para el control estratégico de los endoparásitos a fin de preservar la eficacia de los antihelmínticos. La presente revisión propone diferentes alternativas, químicas y no químicas, para el control de helmintos con el objeto de retardar la aparición de resistencia.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Anthelmintic resistance: origin, development and control</strong></p><p>A wide range of modern anthelmintics, with broad-spectrum and high efficacy to control helminth infections in ruminants, are commercially available, such as benzimidazoles, nicotinic agonist and macrocyclic lactones.The intensive use and inadequated dosages of anthelmintics in ruminants have contributed to develop resistance, becoming the main threat to control endoparasites. Anthelmintic resistance has been reported mainly in small ruminants, but there is scarce information about it in nematodes of cattle. Genetic, reproductive, ecological and anthropic factors have been found to enhance the development of resistance. Because nematode resistance has increased in the last decade, it is necessary to investigate about its occurrence and incidence; so, developing and standarization of improved techniques for detection of the resistance should be carried out. There are several techniques (<em>in vivo </em>and <em>in vitro</em>) available for detection of anthelmintic resistance, being the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) the most commonly used. Early detection of resistance is an essential factor on parasite control strategies in order to preserve the effectiveness of anthelmintics. Different chemical and non-chemical helminth control strategies have been suggested in order to slow the onset of resistance.</p>

scholarly journals Mycoplasma agalactiae, an Etiological Agent of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Anu Rahal ◽  
Sandip Chakraborty ◽  
Amit Kumar Verma ◽  
Kuldeep Dhama
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Mycoplasma Agalactiae ◽  
Contagious Agalactia ◽  
Pcr Multiplex ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

Mycoplasma agalactiaeis one of the causal agents of classical contagious agalactia (CA), a serious, economically important but neglected enzootic disease of small ruminants. It occurs in many parts of the world and most notably in the Mediterranean Basin. Following the infection common complications are septicaemia, mastitis, arthritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and keratoconjunctivitis. Primary or tentative diagnosis of the organism is based upon clinical signs. Various serological tests, namely, growth precipitation, immunofluorescence, complement fixation test, haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassays, immunoelectrophoresis, blotting techniques, and others, are available. Molecular tools seem to be much more sensitive, specific, and faster and help to differentiate various strains. The real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, quantitative PCR, PCR-RFLP, MLST, and gene probes, complementary to segments of chromosomal DNA or 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), have strengthened the diagnosis ofM. agalactiae. Both live attenuated and adjuvant (alum precipitated or saponified) inactivated vaccines are available with greater use of inactivated ones due to lack of side effects. The present review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical signs of contagious agalactia in small ruminants along with trends and advances in its diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, prevention, and control strategies that will help in countering this disease.

scholarly journals Rabies Virus Infection in Livestock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelmalik I. Khalafalla ◽  
Yahia H. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Rabies Virus Infection ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic encephalomyelitis and a major challenge to public and animal health. Livestock are affected by rabies mostly through bites of rapid dogs or wildlife carnivore\'s species. They are considered as ‘dead-end’ hosts that do not transmit the virus. Rabies in livestock has been endemic in many developing countries for many years and diagnosed through clinical signs and dog-biting history. An introduction on rabies situation in farm animals will be given then subchapters including `rabies in bovines, rabies in small ruminants, rabies in swine and rabies in camelids. In each subchapter we shall discuss, epidemiology, modes of transmission, diagnosis and prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Farmers’ knowledge, perception and practices in soybean bacterial leaf pustule management in Benin

2021 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 16289-16298
Author(s):  
Gildas Codjo TCHEMADON ◽  
Valerien Amegnikin ZINSOU ◽  
Rachidatou SIKIROU ◽  
Moussa ZIME SOKO N’DOURO
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Objective: This study aims to investigate the knowledge, perception and control strategies locally used by farmers against soybean bacterial leaf pustule in Benin. Methodology and Results: An investigation was conducted on farmers’ soybean knowledge, perception and practices (KPP) on the management of soybean bacterial leaf pustule in four Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) of Benin with high soybean production during August and September 2020. One hundred and sixty-eight (168) farmers were surveyed through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaire and visual observations in the field. After observing the disease symptoms through photos, about 69% of farmers asserted that soybean bacterial leaf pustule was present in their fields with low, medium or high incidences, from one to about ten years but the majority of farmers (85.4%) do not consider it a disease. They perceived the disease symptoms at all stages of the plant's development with peak severity during the pre-flowering (1.9%), flowering (37.4%), and pod development (44.6%). However, disease management was not performed by the majority of farmers with 100%; 94.6%; 91.9% and 73.3%, in AEZ IV, III, V and II respectively. The reasons are lack of knowledge on management practices; the unavailability of effective pesticides and lack of financial resources. Pesticides were used by 26.5%, 8.1%, and 5.4% in AEZ II, AEZ V and AEZ III respectively. Conclusions and application of findings: They used pesticides in AEZ II, III and V; mainly insecticides in AEZ II. No control strategy is adopted in AEZ IV. Thus, to limit the use of chemical pesticides, especially insecticides, better information on integrated management of soybean bacterial leaf pustule is needed. In addition, the establishment of an efficient popularization system of the scientific research results is essential. Keywords: farmers’ KPP, bacterial leaf pustule, soybean, management, Benin

scholarly journals Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Canine Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia and Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: Emerging Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Farhan Ahmad Atif ◽  
Saba Mehnaz ◽  
Muhammad Fiaz Qamar ◽  
Taleeha Roheen ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Sajid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Universal Vaccine ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Canine Anaplasmosis

This review highlights the diagnostic methods used, the control strategies adopted, and the global epidemiological status of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia and granulocytic anaplasmosis at the animal–human interface. Canine anaplasmosis is an important worldwide disease, mainly caused by Anaplasma platys and A. phagocytophilum with zoonotic implications. A. platys chiefly infects platelets in canids, while A. phagocytophilum is the most common zoonotic pathogen infecting neutrophils of various vertebrate hosts. Diagnosis is based on the identification of clinical signs, the recognition of intracellular inclusions observed by microscopic observation of stained blood smear, and/or methods detecting antibodies or nucleic acids, although DNA sequencing is usually required to confirm the pathogenic strain. Serological cross-reactivity is the main problem in serodiagnosis. Prevalence varies from area to area depending on tick exposure. Tetracyclines are significant drugs for human and animal anaplasmosis. No universal vaccine is yet available that protects against diverse geographic strains. The control of canine anaplasmosis therefore relies on the detection of vectors/reservoirs, control of tick vectors, and prevention of iatrogenic/mechanical transmission. The control strategies for human anaplasmosis include reducing high-risk tick contact activities (such as gardening and hiking), careful blood transfusion, by passing immunosuppression, recognizing, and control of reservoirs/vectors.

THE 2019 NOVEL PANDEMIC OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19): A STUDY OF EXISTING EVIDENCE IN THE INDIAN POPULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Shrikant Verma ◽  
Mohammad Abbas ◽  
Sushma Verma ◽  
Syed Tasleem Raza ◽  
Farzana Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control ◽  
General Wellbeing ◽  
Different Parts

A novel spillover coronavirus (nCoV), with its epicenter in Wuhan, China's People's Republic, has emerged as an international public health emergency. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, and till November eighth, 2020, there have been 8.5 million affirmed instances of novel Covid disease2019 (COVID-19) in India, with 1,26,611 deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 1.48 percent. Coronavirus clinical signs are fundamentally the same as those of other respiratory infections. In different parts of the world, the quantity of research center affirmed cases and related passings are rising consistently. The COVID- 19 is an arising pandemic-responsible viral infection. Coronavirus has influenced huge parts of the total populace, which has prompted a global general wellbeing crisis, setting all health associations on high attentive. This review sums up the overall landmass, virology, pathogenesis, the study of disease transmission, clinical introduction, determination, treatment, and control of COVID-19 with the reference to India.

Effective infection prevention and control strategies in a large accredited psychiatric facility in Singapore

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Poremski ◽  
Sandra Henrietta Subner ◽  
Grace Lam Fong Kin ◽  
Raveen Dev Ram Dev ◽  
Mok Yee Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Psychiatric Facility ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
And Control

The Institute of Mental Health in Singapore continues to attempt to prevent the introduction of COVID-19, despite community transmission. Essential services are maintained and quarantine measures are currently unnecessary. To help similar organizations, strategies are listed along three themes: sustaining essential services, preventing infection, and managing human and consumable resources.

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