scholarly journals Rabies Virus Infection in Livestock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelmalik I. Khalafalla ◽  
Yahia H. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Rabies Virus Infection ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic encephalomyelitis and a major challenge to public and animal health. Livestock are affected by rabies mostly through bites of rapid dogs or wildlife carnivore\'s species. They are considered as ‘dead-end’ hosts that do not transmit the virus. Rabies in livestock has been endemic in many developing countries for many years and diagnosed through clinical signs and dog-biting history. An introduction on rabies situation in farm animals will be given then subchapters including `rabies in bovines, rabies in small ruminants, rabies in swine and rabies in camelids. In each subchapter we shall discuss, epidemiology, modes of transmission, diagnosis and prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Predicted UV-C Sensitivity of Human and Non-human Vertebrate (+) ssRNA Viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brahmaiah Pendyala ◽  
Ankit Patras
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Ssrna Virus ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Uv C

Epidemic and pandemic infectious diseases caused by RNA viruses constitute a significant hazard to human and animal health. Disinfection is an essential aspect of infection prevention and control measures. In this study, we estimated UV-C sensitivity of 83 human and veterinary pathogenic (+) ssRNA viruses by developed pyrimidine dinucleotide frequency-based genomic model. The data showed that the avian infectious bronchitis virus (genus: γ-coronavirus) with an estimated D90 value of 17.8 J/m2 was highly UV sensitive, whereas Salivirus NG-J1 (genus: salivirus) with a D90 value of 346.4 J/m2 was highly UV resistant. Overall, the trend of UV-C sensitivity of (+) ssRNA virus families followed as Coronaviridae < Flaviviridae < Togadoviridae < Arteriviridae, Matonaviridae, Astroviridae < Caciviridae < Picornaviridae < Nodaviridae < Herpeviridae. The results revealed that the enveloped viral families (Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togadoviridae Arteriviridae, and Matonaviridae) are more UV-C sensitive than other non-enveloped families. Further validation of the model estimated UV sensitivity with literature available experimental data showed good agreement of predicted values. The estimates presented here could make it possible to reasonably predict UV-C disinfection efficiency of human and veterinary pathogenic viruses, which need specific biosafety requirements and/or difficult to cultivate in lab conditions.

scholarly journals A knowledge, attitudes, and practices study on ticks and tick-borne diseases in cattle among farmers in a selected area of eastern Bhutan

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247302
Author(s):  
Jamyang Namgyal ◽  
Tenzin Tenzin ◽  
Sylvia Checkley ◽  
Tim J. Lysyk ◽  
Sangay Rinchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Favorable Attitude ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Livestock farming plays an important role in supporting the livelihood of resource-poor subsistence farmers in Bhutan. However, ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are one of the major constraints to livestock farming due to their negative effect on health and production. To date, no study has been conducted in Bhutan to assess farmers’ knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) about ticks and TBDs in cattle, although such information is essential in ensuring the development and adoption of effective prevention and control measures. Therefore, a KAP survey was conducted among 246 cattle owners in the Samkhar sub-district of eastern Bhutan in June 2019, using a structured questionnaire. Based on our scoring criteria, 52% [95%CI: 45.5–58.4] had adequate knowledge about ticks as potential vectors of diseases. Logistic regression analysis showed that the individuals who practiced a stall-feeding system of cattle rearing were 2.8 times [OR = 2.8 (95%CI: 1.66–4.78)] more likely to have adequate knowledge than others. Sixty-eight percent [95%CI: 62.5–74.4] had a favorable attitude toward tick prevention and control programs. Men were 1.95 times [OR = 1.95 (95%CI: 1.09–3.55)] more likely to have a favorable attitude than women, and the individuals who practiced a stall-feeding system were 2.59 times [OR = 2.59 95%CI: 1.45–4.78)] more likely to have a favorable attitude than others, after adjusting for the effect of other variables in the model. Overall, only 38% [95%CI 32.5–45] of the respondents reported tick infestation as one of the most important animal health problems, but 100% reported using acaricides to control ticks in cattle. Despite a high level of acaricide usage, the level of knowledge was low among the farmers interviewed. Findings from this study underline the importance of considering identified knowledge gaps and initiating education efforts to improve the adoption of effective tick prevention and control measures among farmers.

scholarly journals Epidemiological profile of the imported Malaria in the north region of Morocco from 2014 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 319 ◽  
pp. 01057
Author(s):  
Kaoutar Nabah ◽  
Nadya Mezzoug ◽  
Ahmed Aarab ◽  
Halima Oufdou ◽  
Kacem Rharrabe
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Imported Malaria ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
The North ◽  
Eradication Strategy ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
And Control

In Morocco, the epidemiological surveillance of imported Malaria still be the pillar of the eradication strategy of the disease as part of environmental health. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological profile of malaria in north region of Morocco. It is retrospective descriptive study, based on program reports, carried out from 28 April 2019 to 18 February 2020 covering 2014-2018 period. The statistical analysis is performed by Epiinfo 7. In total, 59 cases of imported Malaria were reported. Tangier-Assilah province presented the majority of the cases (62.7%). The frequency was highest in 2018 with 35,2% (19) of cases. The male patient (79.7%) and the age of] 15-30] years (50%) were the most detected. 55.5% of the cases had a Moroccan nationality and were travelling from Guinea (33.9%). Diagnosis was conducting less than 2 days in 75% since the onset of clinical signs. The parasite was Plasmodium falciparum for 84.7% of Malaria cases. In conclusion, to prevent the risk of re-emergence of the disease in the region, the prevention and control measures against the imported malaria can be established at the regional as well as national level to achieve the objective of the malaria eradication in Morocco.

scholarly journals Tres casos de infección aguda por Trypanosoma cruzi en perros de Misantla, Veracruz, México

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Salazar Grosskelwing
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Fresh Blood ◽  
Abstract Description ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cruzi Infection

Descripción de los casos. Se exponen tres casos clínico-patológicos de tripanosomiasis americana aguda en perros cachorros de la misma camada relacionados con el mismo foco de transmisión en Misantla, Veracruz, México.Hallazgos clínicos. Los perros mostraron signos clínicos respiratorios, gastrointestinales y sistémicos. Abundantes ooquistes de Cystoisospora sp. en heces. Tripomastigotes en sangre fresca. Estructuras parasitarias compatibles con Trypanosoma sp. en frotis sanguíneo.Tratamiento y evolución. Se inició tratamiento de sostén, sin embargo, no hubo mejoría y los tres casos clínicos concluyeron en deceso. Al primero se le hizo necropsia.Pruebas de laboratorio. Coproparasitoscopía directa, cuantificación de glucemia, microscopía directa en sangre y frotis sanguíneo teñido. En la necropsia: citología de médula ósea y análisis histopatológico de miocardio.Relevancia clínica. Se trata del primer informe de tripanosomiasis aguda en perros de la región. Debido a la inespecificidad de los signos, esta enfermedad se incluye dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales entre las enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias agudas o crónicas en los perros de la zona. El carácter zoonótico de esta enfermedad vectorial desatendida representa un riesgo para la salud pública y animal, por lo que, deben considerarse medidas de monitoreo, prevención y control que disminuyan la probabilidad de zoonosis.Figura 2. Necropsia. Corazón con apariencia sugerente de agrandamiento del ventrículo derecho (VD) en comparación con el ventrículo izquierdo (VI).Three cases of acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs from Misantla,Veracruz, Mexico. Abstract Description of the cases. Three clinical-pathological cases of acute American trypanosomiasis in puppies from the same litter related to the same focus of transmission in Misantla, Veracruz, Mexico are exposed.Clinical findings. The dogs showed clinical respiratory, gastrointestinal, and systemic signs. Abundant oocysts of Cystoisospora sp. in feces. Trypomastigotes in fresh blood. Parasitic structures compatible with Trypanosoma sp. in blood smear.Treatment and evolution. Supportive treatment was started, however, there was no improvement and all clinical cases ended in death. The necropsy was performed in the first case.Lab tests. Direct coproparasitoscopy, blood glucose quantification, direct blood microscopy and stained blood smear. In necropsy: bone marrow cytology and histopathological analysis of myocardium.Clinical relevance. This is the first report of acute trypanosomiasis in dogs in the region. Due to the non-specificity of the signs, this disease is included in the differential diagnoses of acute or chronic infectious and parasitic diseases in the dogs in the area. The zoonotic nature of this neglected vector-borne disease represents a risk to public and animal health, therefore, monitoring prevention and control measures that decrease the probability of zoonosis should be considered.Keywords: Chagas disease, dogs, Misantla, parasitemia, Trypanosoma sp.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in Sheep and Goats and Associated Risk Factors in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Esonu
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Good Body Condition ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
And Control

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease affecting ruminants. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in sheep and goats in Zaria, Kaduna State. A total of 400 faecal samples were collected over a period of three months (July to September, 2018) and examined using the formal ether sedimentation technique. The overall intensity of the infection was one plus(1+) indicating low infection. The prevalence of F. gigantica in the small ruminants examined was 52(13.0%) with sheep having a higher prevalence of 34(17.0%) than in goats 18(9.0%). Higher prevalence of F.gigantica was also observed in adult sheep 28(22.2%) and goats 15(20.0%) than in young ones of sheep 6(8.1%) and goats 3(2.4%).Consequently, higher prevalence of F. gigantica was observed in female sheep and goats with respective prevalence rates of 23(24.2%) and 17(12.1%) than in male sheep and goats with rates of 11(10.5%) and 1(1.7%) respectively. The prevalence of F. gigantica was 8(21.6%), 23(17.0%) and 3(10.7%) for Uda, Yankasa, and Balami breeds of sheep respectively, and 17(10.4%) and 1(2.7%) for Kano Brown and Crosses of goats respectively. Higher prevalence of F. gigantica was observed in ruminants on non-settled farms 37(18.5%) than those on settled farms15(7.5%).The prevalence of F. gigantica was significantly (p<0.05) higher in animals with poor body condition 18(34.0%) than good body condition 1(1.8%) animals. This study has established the presence of F. gigantica in faecal sample of sheep and goats in farms within Zaria, therefore appropriate use of anthelmintics and awareness of the public on the prevention and control measures should be ensured.

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

An evaluation model of 2019-nCoV prevention effectiveness based on immigration data in China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Related Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Best Fit

BACKGROUND As of the end of February 2020, 2019-nCoV is currently well controlled in China. However, the virus is now spreading globally. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control measures in a region. METHODS A model is built for find the best fit for two sets of data (the number of daily new diagnosed, and the risk value of incoming immigration population). The parameters (offset and time window) in the model can be used as the evaluation of effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control. RESULTS Through study, it is found that the parameter offset and time window in the model can accurately reflect the prevention effectiveness. Some related data and public news confirm this result. And this method has advantages over the method using R0 in two aspects. CONCLUSIONS If the epidemic situation is well controlled, the virus is not terrible. Now the daily new diagnosed patients in most regions of China is quickly reduced to zero or close to zero. Chinese can do a good job in the face of huge epidemic pressure. Therefore, if other countries can do well in prevention and control, the epidemic in those places can also pass quickly.

Extremes of Temperature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Krake
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Extremes Of Temperature

This chapter covers extremes of temperature conditions, physiological effects, and prevention. All deaths caused by exposure to hot and cold temperature extremes are preventable when proper measures are taken. Described in this chapter are the effects of extreme heat and extreme cold on the health of members of the public, particularly older people and young people, and workers employed in various workplace settings. The differences between heat stress and heat strain are also discussed, as are various regulations governing exposure to temperature extremes. The nature and magnitude of heat- and cold-related conditions and symptoms are described in detail. Final sections of the chapter address various assessment and evaluation tools as well as prevention and control measures. In addition, an appendix describes the hazards related to hyperbaric and hypobaric environments and adverse health effects.

scholarly journals A Legionnaires’ Disease Cluster in a Private Building in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6922
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Ricci ◽  
Maria Cristina Rota ◽  
Maria Grazia Caporali ◽  
Antonietta Girolamo ◽  
Maria Scaturro
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
And Control

Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a severe pneumonia caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella. This is a major public health concern and infections are steadily increasing worldwide. Several sources of infection have been identified, but they have not always been linked to human isolates by molecular match. The well-known Legionella contamination of private homes has rarely been associated with the acquisition of the disease, although some patients never left their homes during the incubation period. This study demonstrated by genomic matching between clinical and environmental Legionella isolates that the source of an LD cluster was a private building. Monoclonal antibodies and sequence-based typing were used to type the isolates, and the results clearly demonstrated the molecular relationship between the strains highlighting the risk of contracting LD at home. To contain this risk, the new European directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption has introduced for the first time Legionella as a microbiological parameter to be investigated in domestic water systems. This should lead to a greater attention to prevention and control measures for domestic Legionella contamination and, consequently, to a possible reduction in community acquired LD cases.

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