scholarly journals Laundry Soap Production from the Respective Tallows of Goat, Sheep and Cow: Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties for the Best

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Nwaha Isah ◽  
Umi Aisah Asli ◽  
Nasiru Audu ◽  
Sadiku Itopa Bello ◽  
Jibrin Waziri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Foam Height ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Free Acidity ◽  
Fatty Matter ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Laundry Soap ◽  
Total Fatty Matter

Tallow mainly consists of triglycerides, whose major constituents are derived from stearic, palmitic and oleic acids, and its usage reduces production cost of soap, adds lather stability and hardness to soap. Laundry soaps were produced with variation on amount of tallow (sourced from cow, sheep and goat) and labelled as A, B, C, D and E formulations. The respective tallows were characterized in terms of saponification value and acid value and determined to be 192.14 and 2.24mg KOH/g (cow tallow); 200.56 and 2.38mgKOH/g (sheep tallow) and 197.75 and 1.96 mgKOH/g (goat tallow). The physicochemical properties of soap which determine its area of usage and cleansing properties were determined. The properties considered in this work were hardness, moisture content, foam capacity, pH, free acidity content, and total fatty matter. The hardness, moisture content, foam capacity, pH, free acidity content and total fatty matter of the produced soaps were determined and ranged between mild-deep penetration level; 11-21%; 1-9cm; 8-10.5; 0.16-0.82% and 40-86% respectively. From the comparative analysis, soap made from sheep tallow has the lowest penetration level (with formulations B and E), lowest free acidity content of 0.16% (with formulation A), highest total fatty matter of 86% (using formulation E), highest foam height of 9cm (with formulation A), lowest moisture content of 11% (with formulation A) and mild alkalinity of 8 (with formulations A, B and E). These results showed that the soaps produced from sheep tallow are the best in terms of hardness, lather and skin friendliness, due to its high degree of longer carbon chain lengths of fatty acids. These values satisfy the standard limit set for good quality laundry soap by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control and Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis, respectively.

scholarly journals Beekeeping practices and physicochemical properties of honey produced in Lerala village, Botswana

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
L Bareki
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Free Acidity ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Processing Equipment ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Weak Extension ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of Apis mellifera honey produced in Lerala village and to assess the beekeeping practices. Sale of honey is an important source of income for beekeepers in Lerala village. There are two types of honeybee production systems in the study area: traditional backyard beekeeping and forest honey harvesting. A total of six honey samples obtained from two sources (modern hive and forest) were analysed for physicochemical properties following standard procedures. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess beekeeping practices by interviewing 15 individuals who have experience in beekeeping. The  average values for moisture content, total ash, free acidity, reducing sugars, sucrose, pH, water-insoluble solids and hydroxymethylfurfural of honey samples obtained from modern hives  were 18%, 0.24%, 31 meq/kg, 56.6%, 1.88%, 4.24, 0.05 g/100g and 26.6 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding values for honey obtained from the forest were 17.7%, 0.28%, 27.7 meq/kg, 58%, 2%, 5.18, 0.07 g/100g and 10.9 mg/kg, respectively. Honey source significantly (P≤0.05) influenced the pH, reducing sugars and sucrose contents of the honey samples while ash, free acidity, water-insoluble solids and moisture content were not significantly (P>0.05) different between the two sources of honey. The pH, sucrose and reducing sugars content of forest honey samples were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than honey obtained from modern hives. All the parameters analysed were within the limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for honey. The major challenges faced by beekeepers in the study area include lack of skills and knowledge of beekeeping, weak extension services and lack of bee handling and honey processing equipment. Thus, there is a need for training of beekeepers on improved beekeeping practices and provision of inputs such as modern hives and honey handling and processing equipment to farmers.

scholarly journals the FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL BATH SOAP CONTAINING METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF THREE AYURVEDIC VARNYA HERBS

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-215
Author(s):  
GANA MANJUSHA K ◽  
BALAKRISHNAIAH P ◽  
SYAMALA R ◽  
MOUNIK N ◽  
RAVI CHANDRA T
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Fatty Matter ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Skin Whitening ◽  
Saussurea Lappa ◽  
Hemidesmus Indicus ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Total Fatty Matter

Objectives: The ultimate aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate the herbal bath soap using methanolic extracts of three plants having ethnic and dermatological importance in Ayurveda, namely, Hemidesmus indicus, Cyperus rotundus, and Saussurea lappa. Methods: The roots of H. indicus and S. lappa and rhizomes of C. rotundus were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Then, these extracts were used to make soap by reacting oil and lye in a process of saponification. Results: The soap made was evaluated for physicochemical characters such as total fatty matter, moisture content, and pH and found to be 77, 5.3%, and 8 and for other parameters, good characteristics were observed. Discussion: The soap also exhibited good cleaning efficiency in removing microbes on hands. Conclusion: Hence, based on the antimicrobial effects and parameters, the formulated soap can further be standardized and an alternative to commercial medicinal and skin whitening soaps.

scholarly journals Quality evaluation of soaps produced from neem seed oil and shea-butter oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 045-050
Author(s):  
Idoko Owoicho
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Neem Seed Oil ◽  
Total Fatty Matter

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction using sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is used for cleaning, bathing, and washing. Soaps were produced from neem seed oil and sheabutter oil using the cold process method with slight modification. The physicochemical properties (acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value and moisture content) of the oil were determined and it showed that the values are within the standard specifications. The quality of the soaps were also assessed by determining the physicochemical properties such as; free caustic alkali, matter insoluble in alcohol (MIA), pH, total fatty matter (TFM), cleaning properties, washing properties and foam stability. All the results obtained showed that the soaps analyzed are good soaps safe for the skin.

scholarly journals Use of jatropha seed oil and alkali solution obtained from its ash for soap making

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2005-2015
Author(s):  
Adane Legesse ◽  
Abate Habtamu ◽  
Tesfaye Tegene
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Alkali Content ◽  
Fatty Matter ◽  
Saponification Value ◽  
Total Fatty Matter ◽  
Jatropha Seed

The present study investigated the potential of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil and lye its ash for soapmaking. Oil was extracted from the seeds using Soxhlet extractor and n-hexane. Lye solution was obtained by boilingash of Jatropha with distilled water. The physicochemical properties (saponification value, Iodine value, acid valueand peroxide value) of the oil (and its blend with palm oil) were found to be consistent with reported values inliterature. The oil content and its relative density were also found to be 31.17% and 0.88g/cm3, respectively. Soapsamples were prepared by treating the oil and the prepared lye solution. Their physicochemical properties (moisturecontent, total alkali content, total fatty matter, pH, foam ability and cleansing ability) were found to be comparablewith reported properties for laundry soaps. The findings indicated that the lye solution from ash of Jatropha and itsseed oil result in soap materials that have acceptable qualities.

scholarly journals Quality assessment of soaps produced from bleached palm oil and Moringa oleifera seed oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Idoko Owoicho
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Free Caustic Alkali ◽  
Total Fatty Matter ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Seed

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction using sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is used for cleaning, bathing, and washing. Soaps were produced from bleached palm oil (BPO) and Moringa oleifera seed oil using the cold process method with slight modification. The physicochemical properties (acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value and moisture content) of the oil were determined and it showed that the values are within the standard specifications. The quality of the soaps were also assessed by determining the physicochemical properties such as; free caustic alkali, matter insoluble in alcohol (MIA), pH, total fatty matter (TFM), cleaning properties, washing properties and foam stability. All the results obtained showed that the soaps analyzed are good soaps safe for the skin.

scholarly journals Studi Formulasi Sabun Cuci dari Minyak Jelantah dengan Penambahan Air Asam Sunti

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Azmalina Adriani ◽  
Rinaldi Rinaldi ◽  
Hardiana Hardiana ◽  
Suci Suci ◽  
Irfan Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Foam Height ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Acid Water ◽  
Laundry Soap ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Acidic Compounds ◽  
Organoleptic Parameters

<p><em>Soap is a cleaning agent made from oil. Coconut oil that has been used is usually discarded as waste (minyak jelantah), with the additionof syringe acid water. Sunti acid water is one of the spices that contains quite high acidic compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of soaps containing Sunti acid water. This research is experimental to formulate laundry soap containing Sunti acid water, with used cooking oil. Soap formulation with Sunti acid water concentration 1.25% (F1), 1.50% (F2) and 1.75% (F3). The formula was evaluated with organoleptic parameters, moisture content, pH, homogeneity, high foam and clean power of soap. The results showed that soap (F1, F2, F3) was solid, brown in color and distinctively smelled of lemon, and the water content was 20.34%; 14.21% and 14.8%, pH ranges from 8-10, not homogeneous, foam height 48-78 cm and can be as a cleaner. So it can be concluded that Sunti acid water and used cooking oil can be formulated in the form of soap and formula 3 is a good formula.</em></p><p><em>            </em></p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong>: Sunti acid water, used cooking oil, soap</em></p>

Comparison of physicochemical properties of edible vegetable oils commercially available in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Saponification Value ◽  
Oil Sunflower

The physicochemical properties of six imported and one locally produced edible vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, sunlit oil, hayat oil, avena oil, USA vegetable oil and Niger oil) purchased from Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia, were examined for their compositional quality. All the oil samples were characterized for specific gravity, moisture content, color, relative viscosity, refractive indices, ash content, peroxide value, saponification value, smoke point, acid value, free fatty acid value and trace metals contents using established methods. The result clearly indicates that some of the oil samples exhibited unacceptable value when compared with physicochemical parameters recommended by the Codex Alimentations Commission of FAO/WHO and the specification of Ethiopian standards. The contents of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) in seven samples were determined using ICP-OES and their concentrations were found in the range of 1.8-20.4, 45.8-82.2 and 136.04-445.0 mg/kg, respectively.

Effect of Different Storage Conditions on Soybean Oil Acid Value

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 1235-1238
Author(s):  
Mei Mei Hao ◽  
Xi Hong Li ◽  
Hai Dong Liu ◽  
Wei Qiao Yang ◽  
Chong Xiao Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Storage Conditions

Under the condition of nine kinds of storage, In this thesis, through the determination of acid value of soybean oil, to search for the best storage condition, used to prevent the soybean oil acid value rise, through the analysis of the acid value data, We find the best storage condition, is 0°C, 6% moisture content, and PVC plastic wrap packaging.

scholarly journals Characterization and stability study of some pharmaceutical ointments

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
Viorica Popescu ◽  
Alina Soceanu ◽  
Simona Dobrinas ◽  
Gabriela Stanciu
Keyword(s):  
Stability Study ◽  
Fatty Matter ◽  
Volatile Substances ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Acidity Index ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Type Water ◽  
Total Fatty Matter ◽  
Antibiotic Ointment

Abstract In the present study we have determined some characteristics (aspect, odor, solubility, emulsion type, water and volatile substances content, total fatty matter, saponification index, ester index) for three pharmaceutical ointments belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory: Diclac, Ketonal, Indometacin and one antibiotic ointment for ophthalmic use: Ophtagram. In order to achieve stability study of studied ointments, the pH, the acidity index, the peroxide index and the iodine index were determined over a year every three months. After 9 months from the opening of the tubes, analytical determinations have shown that pH values, acidity, peroxide and iodine indexes no longer fit to the values recommended for medical use, which confirms the directions available on the package.

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