Gas Well Deliquification in the Presence of High Content of Condensate: From Laboratory to Field Test

Two foaming formulations, an amphoteric surfactant (noted as Fam) and a blend of anionic-cationic-amphoteric surfactants (noted as Facam) have been prepared and tested at lab and in field in the presence of high content of condensate (60 vol% on average). Foam height with Facam are close to those with Fam. Although Fam has better foam stability without condensate, the half-life of the foam (t1/2) decreases by 50% in presence of condensate. Foam generated by Facam shows better oil resistance performance due to negative spreading coefficient (S). Liquid unloading efficiency with Facam are close to those with Fam at lab. Nevertheless in field application, Facam is more efficient than Fam for the deliquification in the gas well. The depth of gas well is 2126 m. Foaming formulations were injected respectively from casing pipe with injection amount of 1-2kg/day. The pressure difference between casing and tubing pipes (ΔPc-t) decreased from 1.0 MPa to 0.28 MPa, and the decline of gas production was slowed down after the injection of Facam in the gas well. As a contrast, both theΔPc-t and decline rate of gas production were increased with Fam. Foam resistance to condensate is a factor, while emulsion viscosity is inferred to be another crucial factor for the performance of formulations in the deliquification process.

Assessment of Foamed Fluids Based on Surfactants and Nanoparticles for Fracturing and Acidizing Applications

Foamed fluids are commonly used in acidizing and fracturing applications to minimize formation damage, improve fluid recovery, and as diverting-agents. However, significant concerns with foamed fluids are poor stability and low viscosity. The study objectives include evaluating the commercially available surfactants’ foamability and stability when mixed with and without nanoparticles. The prepared foamed fluid characteristics such as rheology, morphology, stability, and proppant suspension were evaluated. Foam loop rheometer experiments were conducted at 1500 psi and 70% N2 quality to assess foam-stability and rheological properties. Foam decaying time was detected by half-life-time measurements (measuring foam-height as a function of time). Turbiscan was used to study the proppant settling using backscattering light. A high-resolution optical microscope was used to observe foam morphology and stability. The surfactant C-nanoparticles-based foamed fluid demonstrated stable foam with a high viscosity value that reached >110 cP at 100 S-1 77 °F and 70% N2 quality. Compared to the surfactant-based foamed fluid, combining the surfactant with nanoparticles as a foam-stabilizer increased the foam-half-life-time by nearly 35-75%. Foam bubbles size of surfactants A and B (with/without NPs) were large with an irregular shape and tended to rupture intermittently within 50 and 8 minutes, respectively. Bubbles average size of surfactant C (with/without NPs) based foams was small, and the count was higher than the foams of surfactants A and B. surfactant C (with/without NPs) based foams demonstrated bubbles with a spherical shape. Turbiscan stability index values of several surfactants-nanoparticles-based foamed fluids were almost comparable at 77 and 122 °F. Lastly, the foam fluids’ proppant settling velocity prepared with nanoparticles was lower than pure surfactant-based foams.

Formulasi sabun mandi cair dari daging putih buah semangka (Citrullus lanatus)

White flesh watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is known to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols. Research conducted by Rimando proves that watermelon rind contains the amino acid citrulline reaching 60% which is important in increasing levels of nitric oxide which is a regulator of blood flow, muscle energy metabolism, and mitochondrial respiration during exercise. This study aims to formulate bath soap from watermelon waste that meets the requirements with variations in the concentration of watermelon flesh extract (3%; 6%; 9%). Watermelon flesh extract was extracted by maceration process using 70% ethanol. Evaluations were carried out in the form of organoleptic, pH, free of alkali, high foam and density. The results showed that the three formulas were formulas that met the requirements according to SNI standards based on pH test, free alkali, foam height, and density.

Using secondary resources of sunflower seed processing to create new natural origin surfactants

Today great attention is paid to development of advanced technologies for production of ecologically safe, nonpolluting and biodegradable products, including without limitation cosmetic-hygiene detergents and household products. One of the main ingredients in formulation of such products is surfactants. For the purpose of widening of the assortment of such products it is essential to create new types of biodegradable surfactants derived from renewable, as a rule, plant raw materials. The object of this paper is development of technology for production of non-ionic surfactant, alkyl polyglycoside (APG), with improved characteristics on the basis of the alternative plant raw material, sunflower husks, being the waste by-product of sunflower processing, which is the most commonly available raw material in our country. The output of sunflower processing aiming at sunflower oil production is growing year by year and takes the leading place in the oil-and-fat industry, therefore processing of the waste product in the form of husks is of particular interest now. In the course of work the existing technologies of APG production were studied and their shortcomings were identified. According to such technologies alkyl polyglycoside is produced by combining glucose or aqueous syrupy solution of glucose with C10- C16 alcohol. As the sources of starch, from which glucose is produced further, there are used rice, corn, potatoes or wheat. Such products represent no wastes and have rather high production cost. Fatty alcohols are produced from imported palm or coconut oil. The new technology suggested by us is based on usage of the available and cheap raw materials. Glucose syrup is made with the help of the method of hydrolysis of sunflower husks cellulose, and fatty acids are derived from the sunflower processing cycle at the stage of alkali refining of sunflower oil, comprising C16-C18 atoms. Analysis of organoleptic, physical-and-chemical characteristics and evaluation of consumer properties of the resulting alkyl polyglycoside were performed. It was established that according to the suggested method it is possible to produce a non-ionic surfactant with improved detergent (CCM) and foaming power (foam height, foam stability), and also having soft dermatological action. The alkyl polyglycoside, created and produced with the help of our technology, can be used as an alternate substitute of expensive foreign non-ionic surfactants, can be helpful for extension of the assortment of biodegradable foam detergents, nonpolluting and safe for the environment.

Ultrasonic Effects on Foam Formation of Fruit Juices during Bottling

Non-carbonated fruit juices often tend to foam over during bottling. The resulting foam height corresponds to the equilibrium of foam formation and decay. Therefore, the foam unexpectedly occupies more space in the bottle and carries parts of the juice out of the bottle, resulting in product loss under filled containers and hygienic problems in the plant. Chemical antifoams are likewise undesirable in most cases. Recent ultrasonic defoamers are effective but only capable outside the container and after the filling. In this article, a lateral ultrasonication through the bottle wall with frequencies between 42 and 168 kHz is used in-line for non-invasive foam prevention during filling. Foam formation during hot bottling of orange juice, apple juice, and currant nectar at 70 °C happens at flow rates between 124–148 mL/s. The comparably high frequencies have a particular influence on the fresh foams, where a large fraction of small resonant bubbles is still present. Foam volume reductions of up to 50% are reached in these experiments. A low power of 15 W was sufficient for changing the rise of entrained bubbles and minimizing the foam development from the start. The half-life of the remaining foam could be reduced by up to 45% from the reference case. The main observed effects were a changed rise of entrained bubbles and an increased drainage.

Pengaruh Komposisi Ekstrak Mengkudu (Morinda citrifilia L.) Sebagai Antibakteri Pada Shampo Herbal Berbasis Methyl Ester Sulfonat (MES)

Shampoo is a preparation that contains surfactants in a suitable form and is useful for removing dirt and grease attached to the hair and scalp so as not to harm the hair and scalp. In this study the ingredients used were noni fruit extracts and surfactants using Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of time when making herbal shampoo, the effect of adding noni fruit extract to the quality of shampoo. To obtain the noni fruit extract maceration process is used by using distilled water. Noni ripe fruit is cut and then blended and then added 2 liters of aquadest, evaporated in a rotary evaporator. The processing of herbal shampoo is done by the influence of the volume of noni fruit extract and time by comparison: 5 ml: (1,2,3,4) minutes, 10 ml: (1,2,3,4) minutes, 15 ml: (1, 2,3,4) minutes, 20 ml (1,2,3,4) minutes. Tests carried out pH testing, foam stability test (%), foam height test (cm), viscosity (cps) and anti-bacterial test (colony, cm2). Based on the research results obtained high foam with 88 mm, foam stability 92.04%, Viscosity 2.31, antibacterial 31.7 colonies / cm2, and pH 4.2. The research results are expected to meet Indonesian National Standards.

Development and Standardization of Neem and Aloe Vera based Herbal hand wash using Low Cost Indigenous Technology

Hand-washing is an important practice for healthcare in home and daily life preparations. Herbal based hand wash preparations are the most promising hand wash with natural antimicrobial effect. The present study was aimed to development and standardization of herbal hand wash with natural ingredients. In this study, two types of herbal hand wash were formulated with Neem and Aloe vera methanol extract. The herbal hand-wash A and herbal hand wash B, containing plant extract and other natural herbal ingredients in different compositions of ingredients. Herbal hand wash formulations were further evaluated for some parameters such as odor, color, pH, viscosity, foam height, foam retention and spreading potential. The quality of hand wash formulation was evaluated by skin irritation test, greasiness grittiness and homogeneity. The results indicated that all the developed formulations of hand wash A and B were in acceptable limits. The results of present study proved that the effective herbal hand wash were developed successfully by incorporating the herbal extracts using low cost indigenous technologies for better effect.

Complementing Digital Image Analysis and Laser Distance Meter in Beer Foam Stability Determination

The aim of this research is to investigate the possibility of applying a laser distance meter (LDM) as a complementary measurement method to image analysis during beer foam stability monitoring. The basic optical property of foam, i.e., its high reflectivity, is the main reason for using LDM. LDM measurements provide relatively precise information on foam height, even in the presence of lacing, and provide information as to when foam is no longer visible on the surface of the beer. Sixteen different commercially available lager beers were subjected to analysis. A camera and LDM display recorded the foam behavior; the LDM display which was placed close to the monitored beer glass. Measurements obtained by the image analysis of videos provided by the visual camera were comparable to those obtained independently by LDM. However, due to lacing, image analysis could not accurately detect foam disappearance. On the other hand, LDM measurements accurately detected the moment of foam disappearance since the measurements would have significantly higher values due to multiple reflections in the glass.

Formulation and Evaluation of Gel Based Herbal Hand Wash Using Extracts of Argemone Mexicana

The primary purpose of developing an herbal hand wash with a gel basis is to promote "personal hygiene." Hand hygiene is a requirement and one of the most critical processes in the preparation of meals, food service, and house and other day care facilities. On the market, antibacterial hand wash is composed of alcohol-based cleaning products, which have a number of disadvantages. An effort was made to develop a gel-based herbal hand wash utilising Argemone Mexicana extracts to avoid the adverse effects of synthetic hand wash preparations such as itching, dryness, irritation, and dermatitis. The antibacterial activity of the prepared gel hand wash toward E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa was determined using the Agar plate diffusion technique. Physical and chemical characteristics such as pH, Viscosity, Foam height, Foam retention, Anti-Microbial Activity, Skin irritation assessment, and other parameters were used to evaluate herbal hand wash, and the results were found to be within normal ranges with minimum to no adverse effects.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) From Tenggiri Fish Bones As Abrasive Material In Toothpaste Formula

Cavities are one of the factors of dental and oral health problems that can be prevented by brushing teeth using toothpaste. Toothpaste can be made from a variety of chemicals, one of which is hydroxyapatite (HAp) which has good biocompatible properties. Hydroxyapatite can be obtained by utilizing tenggiri fish bone waste which has the main element of calcium. Fish bones soaked with NaOH and acetone are then calcined at 800 °C for 3 hours to obtain CaO powder and characterized its elemental content using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). CaO obtained was then reacted with (NH4)2HPO4 with a mole ratio of Ca/P 1.67 then heated at 90 °C, added NaOH up to pH 12, then the obtained deposits are filtered and calcined at 900 °C. The solids obtained from the calcination are then characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was formulated into toothpaste with the concentrations of 0% (F0), 45% (F1), 50% (F2), and 55% (F3). Toothpaste was evaluated using organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, foam height tests, dispersability tests, pH and hedonic tests. XRD analysis shows that the resulting hydroxyapatite (HAp) has a crystal structure in accordance with ICSD standard No. 96-900-3549. SEM analysis showed that granular particles measuring 0.1 μm–0.3 μm in size. All formulated toothpastes (F0, F1, F2, and F3) meet the requirements of a good toothpaste. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) can be formulated into a good toothpaste with a concentration of 45%.