scholarly journals Current Approaches for the Management of Multiple Sclerosis – A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
Lakhwinder Singh ◽  
Sabina Yasmin ◽  
Rajiv Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Disease Modifying Agents

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neuroinflammatory disease which interfere with the central nervous system and damage the myelin sheath and axons. It is mediated by auto-reactive lymphocytes that cross the blood brain barrier cause inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss disturb the communications between the neurons. The exact cause of the MS is not known but it is reported that it may be due to the genetic, environmental factors, viral infections (Epstein Barr virus). There are various approaches for the management of Multiple sclerosis like disease modifying agents are mainly used. Some of the monoclonal antibodies (Ocrelizumab) are approved recently for the management of MS. Due to various unwanted side effects with conventional medicines people are eager to use cost effective medicines with no or less side effects; therefore herbal medicines are best choice for them, they works by different pharmacological actions like reduce oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and others. Mainly used herbal plants like Ginkgobiloba, Salvia officinalis, Nigella sativa.

scholarly journals Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2: Has the Interplay Started?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianmarco Bellucci ◽  
Virginia Rinaldi ◽  
Maria Chiara Buscarinu ◽  
Roberta Reniè ◽  
Rachele Bigi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Current knowledge on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis encompasses complex interactions between the host’s genetic background and several environmental factors that result in dysimmunity against the central nervous system. An old-aged association exists between MS and viral infections, capable of triggering and sustaining neuroinflammation through direct and indirect mechanisms. The novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has a remarkable, and still not fully understood, impact on the immune system: the occurrence and severity of both acute COVID-19 and post-infectious chronic illness (long COVID-19) largely depends on the host’s response to the infection, that echoes several aspects of MS pathobiology. Furthermore, other MS-associated viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), may enhance a mechanistic interplay with the novel Coronavirus, with the potential to interfere in MS natural history. Studies on COVID-19 in people with MS have helped clinicians in adjusting therapeutic strategies during the pandemic; similar efforts are being made for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns. In this Review, we look over 18 months of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from the perspective of MS: we dissect neuroinflammatory and demyelinating mechanisms associated with COVID-19, summarize pathophysiological crossroads between MS and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discuss present evidence on COVID-19 and its vaccination in people with MS.

Temporal relationship between environmental influenza A and Epstein–Barr viral infections and high multiple sclerosis relapse occurrence

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 672-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervi Oikonen ◽  
Mikko Laaksonen ◽  
Ville Aalto ◽  
Jorma Ilonen ◽  
Reijo Salonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Very High

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses have been associated with viral and bacterial infection epidemics in MS patients who have not used interferon. Objectives: We studied whether environmental viral infections in the general population can be associated with increased MS relapse occurrence using retrospective data from 1986 to 1995 when interferons were not yet available. Methods: Logistic regression modelling was used to compare retrospectively the monthly relapse occurrence from 407 MS patients in Turku University hospital archives and data on ten different specifically diagnosed viral infection epidemics in the general population of Southwestern Finland from 1986 to 1995. The outcome was the odds ratio (OR) of very high relapse occurrence versus low relapse occurrence, or moderate versus low relapse occurrence. Results: After a peak in diagnosed influenza A cases in the general population, the MS relapse occurrence was 6.5 times more likely to be very high (95% CI 1.8–24.0) and 7.1 times more likely to be moderately high (95% CI 1.5–33.2). An increase in MS relapse counts also followed Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.3–15.1), but we found no significant association with adenovirus infections and MS relapses. The MS relapse occurrence was lowest in the summer months July–August (Chi-square test, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that influenza A and EBV viral infections in the general population are associated with a higher occurrence of exacerbations in MS patients, and thus environmental infection data should be included in epidemiological models on MS relapses.

Association of Epstein-Barr virus latently expressed genes with multiple sclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 103008
Author(s):  
Despina Varvatsi ◽  
Jan Richter ◽  
Christina Tryfonos ◽  
Marios Pantzaris ◽  
Christina Christodoulou
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

Cost-Effectiveness of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Screening with Epstein-Barr Virus Polymerase Chain Reaction or Serology in High-Incidence Populations Worldwide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob A Miller ◽  
Quynh-Thu Le ◽  
Benjamin A Pinsky ◽  
Hannah Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Epstein Barr

Abstract Background The incidence of endemic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) varies considerably worldwide. In high-incidence regions, screening trials have been conducted. We estimated the mortality reduction and cost-effectiveness of EBV-based NPC screening in populations worldwide. Methods We identified 380 populations in 132 countries with incident NPC and developed a decision-analytic model to compare ten unique onetime screening strategies to no screening for men and women at age 50 years. Screening performance and the stage distribution of undiagnosed NPC were derived from a systematic review of prospective screening trials. Results Screening was cost-effective in up to 14.5% of populations, depending on the screening strategy. These populations were limited to East Asia, Southeast Asia, North Africa, or were Asian, Pacific Islander, or Inuit populations in North America. A combination of serology and nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was most cost-effective, but other combinations of serologic and/or plasma PCR screening were also cost-effective. The estimated reduction in NPC mortality was similar across screening strategies. For a hypothetical cohort of patients in China, 10-year survival improved from 71.0% (95%CI = 68.8%–73.0%) without screening to a median of 86.3% (range = 83.5%–88.2%) with screening. This corresponded to a median 10-year reduction in NPC mortality of 52.9% (range= 43.1%–59.3%). Screening interval impacted absolute mortality reduction and cost-effectiveness. Conclusions We observed decreased NPC mortality with EBV-based screening. Screening was cost-effective in many high-incidence populations and could be extended to men and women as early as age 40 years in select regions. These findings may be useful when choosing among local public health initiatives.

Multiple Sclerosis Is Rare in Epstein–Barr Virus–Seronegative Children with Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bardia Nourbakhsh ◽  
Christian Cordano ◽  
Carlo Asteggiano ◽  
Klemens Ruprecht ◽  
Carolin Otto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr
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