scholarly journals Prevention of the Development of Chronic Diseases in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 836-841
Author(s):  
Elena Andreevna Stepanenko ◽  
Liana Aslanbekovna Isaeva ◽  
Alena Igorevna Sokolova ◽  
Irina Vladimirovna Vinogradova ◽  
Alexander Vladimirovich Labuznov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Preventive Work ◽  
Medicine Today

The article discusses the features of the prevention of chronic diseases in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is known that patients suffering from various chronic diseases have weakened immunity, and this forces doctors to attribute such patients to the risk group, whose participants are most susceptible to the severe course of coronavirus disease. In light of all the above, the main task of medical workers today is to prevent the development of chronic diseases as such, and therefore the prevention of chronic diseases in general is a priority for medicine today. An attempt to preserve the health of the nation and prevent the mortality rate from increasing is the main task of doctors, secondary and junior medical personnel. That is why preventive work among the population, especially the older age group, should be carried out actively and systematically today.

scholarly journals Outcome and Management of Sepsis at RozhHalat Emergency Hospital in Erbil –Kurdistan region of Iraq

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Samir Qader Ahmad ◽  
Shakawan Muhamad Ismaeel ◽  
Dara Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed ◽  
Halgurd Fathulla Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Vasopressor Therapy ◽  
Emergency Hospital ◽  
Qsofa Score ◽  
Sirs Criteria ◽  
Overall Mortality

Sepsis is a very common condition in emergency hospitals and presentation is variable, it is under diagnosed with very high mortality rate. All patients with infection are at risk of developing sepsis. Sepsis is a complex condition characterized by activation of inflammatory process and coagulation system in response to microbial insult. An observational prospective study was carried out at RozhHalat emergency hospital in Erbil-Kurdistan region of Iraq between February 2017 to January 2018.The study was approved by the scientific and ethical committee of Kurdistan board of medical specialties. 50 patients aged between (10 - 80) years old presented to this hospital with sign and symptoms of infection were recruited to this study. 50 patients with signs and symptoms of sepsis were recorded in this study. The mean age was 47 with male to female ration of 2:3 (42% male and 58% female). The overall mortality rate was high at 68% with higher rate among female and older age group. The blood culture was positive in 74% of cases of which 52% were gram positive and 22% were gram-negative microorganisms. A Positive blood culture associated with higher mortality rate of 81% compared with 21% if the blood culture was negative. In majority of cases the site of infection was from multiple source (34%) followed by respiratory infection (26%).Skin and soft tissue infection was associated with the lowest mortality of 2.9%. High number of cases (82%) developed complications and 52% of cases developed more than 2 organ failures. All patients received empirical antibiotic therapy however 46% of cases received the wrong antimicrobials. The survival rate was higher   (44%) among patients given the right antibiotics. Similarly patients had better chance of survival if appropriate fluid resuscitation therapy was give. The overall mortality among vasopressor treated patients were 72% compared with 78% chance of mortality if they were not treated with any vasopressor therapy, among those who received inotropic support Noradrenaline associated with higher survival rate(72%). A qSOFA score of more than 2 associated with 86.4 % of mortality compared with 75.5% mortality with similar SIRS criteria. Factors associated with high mortality were: female gender, older age group, positive blood culture, wrong antibiotics therapy, less fluid resuscitation, multisource of infection, multi-organ failure, high lactic acid level and high qSOFA score. This study shows that sepsis is associated with high overall mortality rate of 68% in the RozhHalat emergency hospital and higher rate of death among female and older age group. Negative blood culture, appropriate use of antibiotics and fluid therapy associated with better chance of survival. Vasopressor therapy did not result in better survival outcome except for Noradrenaline. The qSOFA score is as good as SIRS criteria in predicting mortality. High lactate, multi-organ failure and multisource of infection associated with the worst outcome.

EFFECT OF HERBAL TEA ON WEIGHT AND FITNESS OF ADULT

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
ARCHANA SINGH ◽  
TRAPTI SEN
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviors ◽  
Herbal Tea

Herbal tea is full of many medicinal qualities. It’s claimed that they can help with everything from easing a cold and indigestion to fighting infection and nausea. Dietary and lifestyle behaviors among adolescents are risk factors for several chronic diseases in adulthood. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of Herbal Tea on weight and fitness. One hundred adolescents of age group 20-35 years in Agra district were selected and significant effects of herbal tea were observed on the health in youth.

scholarly journals CT density of cervical thymus, in comparison with mediastinal thymus

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anitha Sen ◽  
Jiji Valsalamony ◽  
Jubie Raj
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Older Age ◽  
List Type ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Criteria For Diagnosis ◽  
Ct Density ◽  
Moderate Positive Correlation

Abstract Objectives Cervical component of thymus is noted more in children and young adults than in older age group. CT texture (lobules of soft tissue interspersed with fat), similarity with CT density of mediastinal thymus and continuity with mediastinal thymus on sagittal/coronal images, are given as the criteria for diagnosis of the cervical thymus. But CT densities of cervical and mediastinal components of the thymus may vary. The purpose of our study was to compare CT densities of cervical and mediastinal parts of the thymus, in cases where ultrasonography correlation was available. Methods We retrospectively identified 22 patients who had undergone CT between May 2015 and May 2017 and in whom ultrasonography (USG) correlation was available. CT densities of cervical and mediastinal components of thymus were measured. Results CT density of cervical thymus is lower than the CT density of mediastinal thymus by ~ 25 HU. There is a moderate positive correlation between CT densities of cervical and mediastinal parts of the thymus. CT densities of both cervical and mediastinal thymus were found to reduce with age, but the reduction was statistically significant only in the cervical thymus in this study. Conclusions CT densities of cervical and mediastinal components of the thymus may vary, with CT density of cervical thymus being lower. There is a positive correlation between CT densities of cervical and mediastinal parts of the thymus. CT density of cervical thymus reduces with age. Understanding these may help avoid confusion on CT and avoid the need for correlative USG, saving time and effort.

scholarly journals Digital Interventions for Psychological Comorbidities in Chronic Diseases—A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Marta Maisto ◽  
Barbara Diana ◽  
Sonia Di Tella ◽  
Marta Matamala-Gomez ◽  
Jessica Isbely Montana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Digital Interventions ◽  
Digital Contents ◽  
Psychological Comorbidities ◽  
Quantitative Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analyses

Chronic diseases represent one of the main causes of death worldwide. The integration of digital solutions in clinical interventions is broadly diffused today; however, evidence on their efficacy in addressing psychological comorbidities of chronic diseases is sparse. This systematic review analyzes and synthesizes the evidence about the efficacy of digital interventions on psychological comorbidities outcomes of specific chronic diseases. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science databases was conducted. Only Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were considered and either depression or anxiety had to be assessed to match the selection criteria. Of the 7636 identified records, 17 matched the inclusion criteria: 9 digital interventions on diabetes, 4 on cardiovascular diseases, 3 on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and one on stroke. Of the 17 studies reviewed, 14 found digital interventions to be effective. Quantitative synthesis highlighted a moderate and significant overall effect of interventions on depression, while the effect on anxiety was small and non-significant. Design elements making digital interventions effective for psychological comorbidities of chronic diseases were singled out: (a) implementing a communication loop with patients and (b) providing disease-specific digital contents. This focus on “how” to design technologies can facilitate the translation of evidence into practice.

scholarly journals Effects of continuity of care on health outcomes among patients with diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kam-Suen Chan ◽  
Eric Yuk-Fai Wan ◽  
Weng-Yee Chin ◽  
Will Ho-Gi Cheng ◽  
Margaret Kay Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Continuity Of Care ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Service Utilisation ◽  
Eligibility Criteria

Abstract Background The rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT) has placed a tremendous burden on healthcare systems around the world, resulting in a call for more effective service delivery models. Better continuity of care (CoC) has been associated with improved health outcomes. This review examines the association between CoC and health outcomes in patients with DM and/or HT. Methods This was a systematic review with searches carried out on 13 March 2021 through PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE and CINAHL plus, clinical trials registry and bibliography reviews. Eligibility criteria were: published in English; from 2000 onwards; included adult DM and/or HT patients; examined CoC as their main intervention/exposure; and utilised quantifiable outcome measures (categorised into health indicators and service utilisation). The study quality was evaluated with Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) appraisal checklists. Results Initial searching yielded 21,090 results with 42 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. High CoC was associated with reduced hospitalisation (16 out of 18 studies), emergency room attendances (eight out of eight), mortality rate (six out of seven), disease-related complications (seven out of seven), and healthcare expenses (four out of four) but not with blood pressure (two out of 13), lipid profile (one out of six), body mass index (zero out of three). Six out of 12 studies on diabetic outcomes reported significant improvement in haemoglobin A1c by higher CoC. Variations in the classification of continuity of care and outcome definition were identified, making meta-analyses inappropriate. CASP evaluation rated most studies fair in quality, but found insufficient adjustment on confounders, selection bias and short follow-up period were common limitations of current literatures. Conclusion There is evidence of a strong association between higher continuity of care and reduced mortality rate, complication risks and health service utilisation among DM and/or HT patients but little to no improvement in various health indicators. Significant methodological heterogeneity in how CoC and patient outcomes are assessed limits the ability for meta-analysis of findings. Further studies comprising sufficient confounding adjustment and standardised definitions are needed to provide stronger evidence of the benefits of CoC on patients with DM and/or HT.

scholarly journals Early CT features of COVID-19 pneumonia, association with patients’ age and duration of presenting complaint

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem M. EL Kady ◽  
Hosam A. Hassan ◽  
Tareef S. Daqqaq ◽  
Rania Makboul ◽  
Hanan Mosleh Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Ground Glass ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Atypical Features ◽  
Patient Âgé

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory syndrome with a variable degree of severity. Imaging is a vital component of disease monitoring and follow-up in coronavirus pulmonary syndromes. The study of temporal changes of CT findings of COVID-19 pneumonia can help in better understanding of disease pathogenesis and prediction of disease prognosis. In this study, we aim to determine the typical and atypical CT imaging features of COVID-19 and discuss the association of typical CT imaging features with the duration of the presenting complaint and patients’ age. Results The lesions showed unilateral distribution in 20% of cases and bilateral distribution in 80% of cases. The lesions involved the lower lung lobes in 30% of cases and showed diffuse involvement in 58.2% of cases. The lesions showed peripheral distribution in 74.5% of cases. The most common pattern was multifocal ground glass opacity found in 72.7% of cases. Atypical features like cavitation and pleural effusion can occur early in the disease course. There was significant association between increased number of the lesions, bilaterality, diffuse pattern of lung involvement and older age group (≥ 50 years old) and increased duration of presenting complaint (≥ 4 days). There was significant association between crazy-paving pattern and increased duration of presenting complaint. No significant association could be detected between any CT pattern and increased patient age. Conclusion The most common CT feature of COVID-19 was multifocal ground glass opacity. Atypical features like cavitation and pleural effusion can occur early in the course of the disease. Our cases showed more extensive lesions with bilateral and diffuse patterns of distribution in the older age group and with increased duration of presenting complaint. There was a significant association between crazy-paving pattern and increased duration of presenting complaint. No significant association could be detected between any CT pattern and increased patient age.

scholarly journals Economics of physical activity in low-income and middle- income countries: a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e037784
Author(s):  
Priyanga Diloshini Ranasinghe ◽  
Subhash Pokhrel ◽  
Nana Kwame Anokye
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

BackgroundPromotion of physical activity (PA) among populations is a global health investment. However, evidence on economic aspects of PA is sparse and scattered in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to summarise the available evidence on economics of PA in LMICs, identify potential target variables for policy and report gaps in the existing economic evidence alongside research recommendations.Data sourcesA systematic review of the electronic databases (Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus) and grey literature.Study eligibility criteriaCost-of-illness studies, economic evaluations, interventions and descriptive studies on economic factors associated with PA using preset eligibility criteria.Study appraisal and synthesis of methodsScreening, study selection and quality appraisal based on standard checklists performed by two reviewers with consensus of a third reviewer. Descriptive synthesis of data was performed.ResultsThe majority of the studies were from upper-middle-income countries (n=16, 88.8%) and mainly from Brazil (n=9, 50%). Only one economic evaluation study was found. The focus of the reviewed literature spanned the economic burden of physical inactivity (n=4, 22%), relationship between PA and costs (n=6, 46%) and socioeconomic determinants of PA (n=7, 39%). The findings showed a considerable economic burden due to insufficient PA, with LMICs accounting for 75% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally due to insufficient PA. Socioeconomic correlates of PA were identified, and inverse relationship of PA with the cost of chronic diseases was established. Regular PA along with drug treatment as a treatment scheme for chronic diseases showed advantages with a cost–utility ratio of US$3.21/quality-adjusted life year (QALY) compared with the drug treatment-only group (US$3.92/QALY) by the only economic evaluation conducted in the LMIC, Brazil.LimitationsMeta-analysis was not performed due to heterogeneity of the studies.Conclusions and recommendationsEconomic evaluation studies for PA promotion interventions/strategies and local research from low-income countries are grossly inadequate. Setting economic research agenda in LMICs ought to be prioritised in those areas.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018099856.

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