scholarly journals A Review on Phytoconstituents of Brahmi and their Relation to Improve Nervous System

2021 ◽  
pp. 637-641
Author(s):  
. Heemanshi ◽  
Reena Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Natural System ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Number Of Branches

Ayurveda is a well-known practice for treating number of diseases from ages. It is a natural system from old age for the balancing of various body systems through herbs. There are lot of herbs used in curing the diseases and one among them is Brahmi. It has the ability to boost up the memory. Morphologically, it is a small sized succulent herb that have number of branches. This herb is well known for strengthening memory, brain functions and cooling properties. In this review paper, brief detail about its phytoconstituents and medicinal uses are discussed.

On the issue of rejuvenation

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
V. S.
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Genital Area ◽  
Organic Lesions

M. M. Fedorovich and A. F. Kaiser (Turk. Med. Zh., 1925, No. 9), wishing to check the significance of the Steinach operation, decided to perform it in a number of persons with normal or premature old age, who, however, were -will be free from neuropathic and psychopathic heredity, organic lesions of the nervous system, sharp organic lesions of internal organs and organic lesions of the genital area.

scholarly journals Role of Adiponectin in Central Nervous System Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Bloemer ◽  
Priyanka D. Pinky ◽  
Manoj Govindarajulu ◽  
Hao Hong ◽  
Robert Judd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
The Brain

Adiponectin, the most abundant plasma adipokine, plays an important role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin also possesses insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and vasodilatory properties which may influence central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Although initially not thought to cross the blood-brain barrier, adiponectin enters the brain through peripheral circulation. In the brain, adiponectin signaling through its receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, directly influences important brain functions such as energy homeostasis, hippocampal neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Overall, based on its central and peripheral actions, recent evidence indicates that adiponectin has neuroprotective, antiatherogenic, and antidepressant effects. However, these findings are not without controversy as human observational studies report differing correlations between plasma adiponectin levels and incidence of CNS disorders. Despite these controversies, adiponectin is gaining attention as a potential therapeutic target for diverse CNS disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, and depression. Evidence regarding the emerging role for adiponectin in these disorders is discussed in the current review.

scholarly journals Cholesterol: Its Regulation and Role in Central Nervous System Disorders

Cholesterol ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Orth ◽  
Stefano Bellosta
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Lipoprotein Receptors ◽  
Brain Cholesterol ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Brain

Cholesterol is a major constituent of the human brain, and the brain is the most cholesterol-rich organ. Numerous lipoprotein receptors and apolipoproteins are expressed in the brain. Cholesterol is tightly regulated between the major brain cells and is essential for normal brain development. The metabolism of brain cholesterol differs markedly from that of other tissues. Brain cholesterol is primarily derived by de novo synthesis and the blood brain barrier prevents the uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol from the circulation. Defects in cholesterol metabolism lead to structural and functional central nervous system diseases such as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Niemann-Pick type C disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. These diseases affect different metabolic pathways (cholesterol biosynthesis, lipid transport and lipoprotein assembly, apolipoproteins, lipoprotein receptors, and signaling molecules). We review the metabolic pathways of cholesterol in the CNS and its cell-specific and microdomain-specific interaction with other pathways such as the amyloid precursor protein and discuss potential treatment strategies as well as the effects of the widespread use of LDL cholesterol-lowering drugs on brain functions.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Glutamate Transport

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1621-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Vandenberg ◽  
Renae M. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Glutamate Transporters ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Transporter Family ◽  
The Central Nervous System

l-Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and plays important roles in a wide variety of brain functions, but it is also a key player in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. The control of glutamate concentrations is critical to the normal functioning of the central nervous system, and in this review we discuss how glutamate transporters regulate glutamate concentrations to maintain dynamic signaling mechanisms between neurons. In 2004, the crystal structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian glutamate transporter family of proteins was crystallized and its structure determined. This has paved the way for a better understanding of the structural basis for glutamate transporter function. In this review we provide a broad perspective of this field of research, but focus primarily on the more recent studies with a particular emphasis on how our understanding of the structure of glutamate transporters has generated new insights.

scholarly journals Aluminum environmental pollution: the silent killer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reema H. Alasfar ◽  
Rima J. Isaifan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Aluminum Compounds ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe concern about aluminum (Al) toxicity has been proven in various cases. Some cases are associated with the fact that Al is a neurotoxic substance that has been found in high levels in the brain tissues of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), epilepsy, and autism patients. Other cases are related to infants, especially premature infants and ones with renal failure, who are at the risk of developing the central nervous system (CNS) and bone toxicity. This risk is a result of infants’ exposure to Al from milk formulas, intravenous-feeding solutions, and possibly from aluminum-containing vaccinations. Furthermore, most antiperspirants contain  aluminum compounds that raise human exposure to toxic Al. This review paper is intended to discuss in detail the above concerns associated with aluminum, and hence urges the need for more studies exploring the effects of overexposure to Al and recommending mitigation actions.

Adrenoceptor Function and Ageing

1984 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kelly ◽  
Kevin O'malley
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Drug Response ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
System Function ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Introduction: The possible effect of ageing on adrenergic mechanisms has been one of the most studied of the pharmacodynamic processes affecting responsiveness to drugs in old age. Drugs may exert their primary effect by acting on the sympathetic nervous system or unwanted drug effects may be the result of perturbation of normal sympathetic nervous system function. Because of the important role of the sympathetic nervous system in drug action, it is not surprising that those interested in ageing and drug response should examine various aspects of this system.

Psychological gerontology in Germany: recent findings and social implications

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANS-WERNER WAHL ◽  
ANDREAS KRUSE
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
German Language ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
Research Findings

This review paper has two major aims, first to synthesise recent research findings and conceptual developments in the field of psychological gerontology in Germany and in German language publications, and secondly, to argue that the field's research findings deserve greater attention, for both their substance and their relevance to social policy. The review focuses on three major fields of psychological gerontology: (1) cognitive development in old age; (2) personality development in old age; and (3) social relationships in old age. It highlights the major findings generated by German scholars since the 1990s. Although numerous and diverse, a common thread is the move away from a focus on the limitations and decrements of later life, and increased attention to the continuing capacities and developmental achievements of older people. The discussion elaborates the view that there is considerable merit in considering the broader social implications of these results. In conclusion, and from a general rather than disciplinary perspective, it is argued that there is a strong need for geropsychological research to be designed and interpreted with explicit attention to the cultural and social contexts in which the subjects live.

scholarly journals Nonlinear coupling is absent in acute myocardial patients but not healthy subjects

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (2) ◽  
pp. H578-H586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Bai ◽  
Kin L. Siu ◽  
Salman Ashraf ◽  
Luca Faes ◽  
Giandomenico Nollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Nonlinear Interactions ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Propranolol Administration ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Nonlinear Couplings

We investigated whether autonomic nervous system imbalance imposed by pharmacological blockades and associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is manifested as modifications of the nonlinear interactions in heart rate variability signal using a statistically based bispectrum method. The statistically based bispectrum method is an ideal approach for identifying nonlinear couplings in a system and overcomes the previous limitation of determining in an ad hoc way the presence of such interactions. Using the improved bispectrum method, we found significant nonlinear interactions in healthy young subjects, which were abolished by the administration of atropine but were still present after propranolol administration. The complete decoupling of nonlinear interactions was obtained with double pharmacological blockades. Nonlinear couplings were found to be the strongest for healthy young subjects followed by degradation with old age and a complete absence of such couplings for the old age-matched AMI subjects. Our results suggest that the presence of nonlinear couplings is largely driven by the parasympathetic nervous system regulation and that the often-reported autonomic nervous system imbalance seen in AMI subjects is manifested as the absence of nonlinear interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous regulations.

scholarly journals Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dantzer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Short Range ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.

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