scholarly journals SECOND ORDER THEORY OF MANOMETER WAVE MEASUREMENT

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
F. Biesel
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Wave ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
First Order ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
Wave Measurement

The paper refers to pressure gage wave measurements . First order transformation of the pressure spectrum into a surface level spectrum leads to hitherto unexplained discrepancies with prototype simultaneous pressure and level measurements . Use of second order gravity wave theory allows to draw the following conclusions » Second order effects appear to give a reasonable explanation of the observed discrepancies . A complete check would require specially made wave measurements and analyses . Second order corrections do not significantly affect mean values, such as significant height, if the manometer depth is not unduly large.

An Experimental Study of Deviations from the Linear Transfer Function

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 400-401
Author(s):  
William A. Voter ◽  
Harold P. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Image Formation ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Theory ◽  
Second Order Effects ◽  
The Fourier Transform

In a previous experimental study of image formation using a thin (20 nm) negatively stained catalase crystal, it was found that a linear or first order theory of image formation would explain almost entirely the changes in the Fourier transform of the image as a function of defocus. In this case it was concluded that the image is a valid picture of the object density. For thicker, higher contrast objects the first order theory may not be valid. Second order effects could generate false diffraction spots which would lead to spurious and artifactual image details. These second order effects would appear as deviations of the diffraction spot amplitudes from the first order theory. Small deviations were in fact noted in the study of the thin crystals, but there was insufficient data for a quantitative analysis.

The Consistent Second-Order Wave Theory and Its Application to a Submerged Spheroid

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 23-50
Author(s):  
Young H. Chey
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Solid Wall ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Wave Resistance ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Surface Phenomena ◽  
First Order ◽  
Theoretical Results

Because of the recognized inadequacy of first-order linearized surface-wave theory, the author has developed, for a three-dimensional body, a new second-order theory which provides a better description of free-surface phenomena. The new theory more accurately satisfies the kinematic boundary condition on the solid wall, and takes into account the nonlinearity of the condition at the free surface. The author applies the new theory to a submerged spheroid, to calculate wave resistance. Experiments were conducted to verify the theory, and their results are compared with the theoretical results. The comparison indicates that the use of the new theory leads to more accurate prediction of wave resistance.

scholarly journals On the Study of Second-Order Wave Theory and Its Convergence for a Two-Fluid System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Min Liu ◽  
Hwung-Hweng Hwung ◽  
Ray-Yeng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Perturbation Technique ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Stokes Wave ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Two Fluids ◽  
Two Fluid

Second-order solutions of internal and surface waves in a two-fluid system are theoretically analyzed in this study. Using the perturbation technique, the derivation of second-order solutions for internal waves is revisited, and the results are expressed in one-by-one forms instead of a matrix form. Second-order solutions arising from the interactions of two arbitrary linear waves of different frequencies contain the sum-frequency (superharmonic) and the difference-frequency (subharmonic) components, which are separately examined. Internal Stokes wave being a special case of present solutions is firstly investigated. Next, the convergence of second-order theory and the second-order effects on wave profiles are analyzed. For general cases, the effects of the thickness ratio of two fluids and the ratio of wavenumbers of two first-order waves on second-order wave characteristics, which include transfer functions and particle velocities, are also examined. Moreover, most existing theories for the one-fluid and two-fluid systems can be deduced from present solutions.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of second order effects variation with the stories height of reinforced concrete buildings

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-357
Author(s):  
D.M. OLIVEIRA ◽  
N.A. SILVA ◽  
C.C. RIBEIRO ◽  
S.E.C. RIBEIRO
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Buildings ◽  
First Order ◽  
Concrete Buildings ◽  
Ideal Situation ◽  
Second Order Effects ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract In this paper the simplified method to evaluate final efforts using γ z coefficient is studied considering the variation of the second order effects with the height of the buildings. With this purpose, several reinforced concrete buildings of medium height are analyzed in first and second order using ANSYS software. Initially, it was checked that the (z coefficient should be used as magnifier of first order moments to evaluate final second order moments. Therefore, the study is developed considering the relation (final second order moments/ first order moments), calculated for each story of the structures. This moments relation is called magnifier of first order moments, "γ", and, in the ideal situation, it must coincide with the γ z value. However, it is observed that the reason γ /γ z varies with the height of the buildings. Furthermore, using an statistical analysis, it was checked that γ /γ z relation is generally lower than 1.05 and varies significantly in accordance with the considered building and with the presence or not of symmetry in the structure.

The Politics of the Knowledge Economy and the Rise of Populism

2019 ◽  
pp. 216-255
Author(s):  
Torben Iversen ◽  
David Soskice
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Government Support ◽  
The Political ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
First Order ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter considers the “second-order” effects of the transition to the knowledge economy. This means the set of preferences, beliefs, and party allegiances that are crystallizing as a consequence of the political-economic realities brought about by the knowledge economy. Chapter 3 considered “first-order” effects—immediate policy responses reflecting existing political coalitions—and showed that these responses were relatively limited and in most countries, failed to offer much compensation for those who lost out in the collapse of the Fordist economy. This chapter argues that this failure has created the political conditions for the rise of populism. Populism refers to a set of preferences and beliefs that rejects established parties and elites, that sees established politicians as gaming the system to their own advantage, and that at the same time sees the poor as undeserving of government support.

The 2019 European Elections: a ‘second-order’ vote with ‘first-order’ effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 736-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Pasquino ◽  
Marco Valbruzzi
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
European Elections ◽  
First Order

Global Buckling of Frames with Laced Compression Members

2016 ◽  
Vol 837 ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Kovac ◽  
Zsuzsanna Vanik
Keyword(s):  
Order Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Buckling Mode ◽  
Column Method ◽  
Global Buckling ◽  
Second Order Effects ◽  
Buckling Length ◽  
Simplified Procedure

The planar frames whose members consist of a laced built-up members are often used in civil engineering practice. For chords of these structures the 1st order theory internal forces and the assessment by equivalent column method are mostly used. In the equivalent column method the buckling length according to the global buckling mode of the structures should be used. If the distance between neighboring nodes is used as the buckling length of the chord, which is the common case, the second order effects with only the bow imperfections between nodes are taken into account in the equivalent column method. For frames sensitive to buckling in a sway mode the second order effects on structures with initial sway imperfection should be taken into account. Therefore, also in frames with the laced compression columns, where the effects of additional sway deformation cause additional normal forces in the chords, the sway imperfection should be applied and the second order in frame analysis should be performed to check these additive forces. This paper deals with the simplified procedure how to evaluate additive forces due to second order effects on the structure with the global sway imperfection.

A feasible theory for analysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1001-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Time ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Weak König’S Lemma ◽  
König’S Lemma ◽  
Computable Functions

AbstractWe construct a weak second-order theory of arithmetic which includes Weak König's Lemma (WKL) for trees defined by bounded formulae. The provably total functions (with -graphs) of this theory are the polynomial time computable functions. It is shown that the first-order strength of this version of WKL is exactly that of the scheme of collection for bounded formulae.

Linear Evolution of a Narrow-Banded Surface Gravity Wavepacket Over an Infinite Step

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Thomas A. A. Adcock ◽  
Ton S. van den Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Evolution Equations ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Linear Evolution ◽  
Finite Water Depth ◽  
Higher Order Effects

Abstract This paper focuses on the classical and fundamental problem of waves propagating over an infinite step in finite water depth. Specifically, this paper aims to extend classical narrow-banded wave theory for constant water depth which uses a multiple-scales expansion to the case of an abrupt change in the water depth, known as an infinite step. This paper derives the linear evolution equations and is the first step towards the calculation of second-order and higher-order effects for wavepackets travelling over a step using commonly employed envelope-type evolution equations, in particular the bound sub- and super-harmonics at second order.

An Energy Method for Certain Second-Order Effects With Application to Torsion of Elastic Bars Under Tension

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Shield
Keyword(s):  
Axial Force ◽  
Strain Energy Function ◽  
Incompressible Material ◽  
Elastic Cylinder ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Circular Cylinders ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
First Order ◽  
Wide Range

When a mechanical system has a potential energy, it is a simple matter to show that if the generalized force corresponding to a coordinate p is known to first order in p for a range of the other coordinates of the system, then the other generalized forces can be found immediately to second order in p, without requiring a second-order analysis of the system. By this method the second-order change in the axial force when a finitely extended elastic cylinder is twisted is found from the first-order value of the twisting moment. Numerical results for a realistic form of the strain-energy function for an incompressible material suggest that the second-order expression for the axial force is very accurate for a wide range of twist for circular cylinders of rubber-like materials extended 100 percent or more.

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