scholarly journals LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS OF IMPACTS ON COARSE SEDIMENT BEACHES

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Ian Ball ◽  
Edgar Mendoza-Baldwin ◽  
David Simmonds ◽  
Adrián Pedrozo-Acuña ◽  
Dominic E Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Impact Pressure ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Coarse Sediment ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Events ◽  
Plunging Breaker

In this paper we present laboratory observations of plunging wave breaker impact pressure responses on a steep coarse-grained beach, extending previous work conducted by Pedrozo-Acuña et al. (2008). Scale laboratory measurements of plunging breaker impact events are reported and compared with the previous full-scale tests. These tests extend the previous relationships to a wider range of surf-similarity parameters and indicate a continued reduction in impact pressure as the transition from plunging impacts to surging impacts is approached. Additional results from scale tests conducted on a smooth impermeable slope also indicate the presence of a maximum impact pressure within the plunging breaker region; however also suggest it may be necessary to include roughness and permeability in the parameterization of the impact pressure.

TurkStream Collapse Test Program

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Timms ◽  
Doug Swanek ◽  
Duane DeGeer ◽  
Arjen Meijer ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

The TurkStream pipeline project is designed to transport approximately 32 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually from Russia to Turkey under the Black Sea, with more than 85% of the deep-water route being deeper than 2000 m. The offshore section is intended to consist of two parallel lines, each approximately 900 km long. The preliminary stages of the front end engineering design (pre-FEED) phase was managed by INTECSEA. To support the analyses and design of the deepest portions, a full scale collapse test program was performed by C-FER Technologies (C-FER). This collapse test program, which included 62 full-scale collapse and pressure+bend tests, 54 medium-scale ring collapse tests, and hundreds of small-scale tests, was primarily aimed at measuring, quantifying and documenting the increase in pipe strength and collapse resistance resulting from the thermal induction heat treatment effect (thermal ageing) that arises during the pipe coating process. Two grades of 32-inch (813 mm) outside diameter (OD) line-pipe, SAWL450 and SAWL485 with wall thicknesses of 39.0 mm or 37.4 mm, respectively, were supplied from various mills for testing. The collapse test program objectives were as follows: • Determine the collapse resistance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Determine the pressure+bend performance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Measure the effect of thermal ageing on material and collapse testing results, including the impact of multiple thermal cycles; and • Evaluate the results of medium-scale ring collapse tests as compared to full-scale tests. This paper presents selected results of this work, along with some comparisons to predictive equations.

scholarly journals Effect of Maneuvering on Ice-Induced Loading on Ship Hull: Dedicated Full-Scale Tests in the Baltic Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Mikko Suominen ◽  
Fang Li ◽  
Liangliang Lu ◽  
Pentti Kujala ◽  
Anriëtte Bekker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Load Duration ◽  
Ship Control ◽  
Level Ice ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

Maneuvers in level ice are common operations for icebreakers and polar supply vessels. Maneuvering exposes the midship and stern area to ice interaction, influencing the magnitude and frequency of ice-induced loading in these areas. However, full-scale measurements do not typically cover the midship and stern areas, as measurements have commonly focused on the bow area. Controlled maneuvering tests were conducted during the ice trials of S.A. Agulhas II in the Baltic Sea. During these tests, ice-induced loading at different hull areas was measured simultaneously with ship control, navigation, and ice condition data. This work studied the effect of maneuvers on the characteristics and statistics of ice-induced loading at different hull areas and compared the impact to ahead operations. The study showed that the maneuvers had minor impact to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of loading at the bow and bow shoulder. On the other hand, maneuvers had a clear effect on the load magnitude and frequency at the stern shoulder. Additionally, a statistical analysis showed that the load magnitude increased as a function of load duration in all hull areas. Furthermore, the analyzed measurement data are presented and made available with the paper.

The Influence of the UOE-SAWL Forming Process on the Collapse Resistance of Deepwater Linepipe

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano O. Mantovano ◽  
Mohamed R. Chebaro ◽  
Hugo A. Ernst ◽  
Marcos de Souza ◽  
Chris M. Timms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Expansion Stage ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

The UOE-SAWL pipe manufacturing process introduces considerable plastic deformations and residual stresses to feedstock plate material. Previous experimental and analytical studies have demonstrated that the effects of this process, predominantly in its final expansion stage, significantly reduce the collapse resistance of deepwater linepipe. Finite element analyses, sensitivity analyses and full-scale tests were conducted by Tenaris and C-FER Technologies (C-FER) over the last several years to better comprehend the impact of cold forming on collapse resistance. This paper presents the findings of the latest segment of this ongoing study, the objective of which was to optimize the collapse resistance of UOE-SAWL linepipe by varying three key thermal ageing parameters: time, temperature and number of thermal cycles. Six X70M and four X80M UOE pipe samples were manufactured and thermally treated with varied parameters. Full-scale collapse and buckle propagation tests were then carried out in an experimental chamber that simulates deepwater conditions. These experimental results were evaluated with respect to collapse predictions from API RP 1111 and DNV OS-F101. Material and ring splitting tests were also performed on samples obtained from these pipes to better assess the extent of the UOE pipe collapse resistance recovery. The outcomes of this study will be employed to further optimize the collapse resistance of subsea linepipe in order to reduce material and offshore installation costs.

Effect of Light Poles on Vehicle Impacts with Roadside Barriers

1997 ◽  
Vol 1599 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Highway Network ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Light Pole ◽  
National Cooperative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crash Tests

Light poles installed within the deflection zone of roadside barriers (guardrails) may influence the ability of the guardrail to safely redirect an impacting vehicle. One concern is that, during an impact, the vehicle may pivot about the relatively rigid light pole and then spin away from the guardrail back into the traffic stream in an uncontrolled, unsafe manner. A large percentage of the highway network in Ohio uses the type of guardrail and light pole configurations, in which the breakaway light poles are placed at either 15.2- or 45.7-cm (6- or 18-in.) lateral distance from the back of the guardrail, depending on one of two light pole base designs in use. These pole-guardrail systems were placed in large numbers some years ago and Ohio accident data have been inadequate to provide information to determine whether or not a problem exists with this system. Proposed highway rehabilitation and reconstruction projects can include changes or adjustments to placement of guardrails and light poles, but there was a lack of information as to whether or not the past practices possessed a problem. A study was conducted to determine if light poles have an adverse effect on the redirecting performance of guardrails. It included six full-scale crash tests involving two vehicle weight classes (2000P and 820C), two light pole base designs (AT-A and AT-X), and a typical guardrail used in Ohio [Type 5 (W-Beam)]. All full-scale tests were carried out according to the recommended procedures in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350. The actual vehicles used for the 2000P class were half-ton pickup trucks ballasted to simulate the weight and mass characteristics of the 2000P vehicle that is specified in NCHRP Report 350. The guardrail–light pole system was not shown to cause snagging or subsequent unstable motion of the vehicle due to impact. All vehicles exited the guardrail in a stable manner. No change in the arrangement of light poles behind the Type 5 guardrail is contemplated. The redirecting function of the guardrail was not compromised as a result of placement of the light pole behind the length-of-need. Excessive exit angle situations (according to NCHRP Report 350) occurred in three tests involving the simulated 2000P class vehicles. However, the impact conditions employed for these tests were extreme, and the likelihood of this situation occurring under everyday highway usage may be small.

IMPROVING THE PUMPING OF VISCOUS OIL BY THE USE OF DEMULSIFIERS OR BY AN ANNULAR WATER INJECTION

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Georges Peigne ◽  
Maurice Cessou
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Viscous Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuels ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Pumping viscous oil, whether when lightening a disabled vessel or recovering spilled oil, has always been an obstacle to efficient operations aiming to avoid or limit the impact of an oil spill. French authorities have had to deal with this during many oil spills: for example, the Amoco Cadiz, Tanio, or, more recently, the Amazzone incident. For many years, CEDRE and Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP) have been developing and testing various methods of improving the handling of naturally viscous products like heavy fuels or products that have become viscous by the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion. The technique of injecting a ring of water at the periphery of the hoses was studied. After some preliminary tests done by IFP on a laboratory scale, full-scale experiments were conducted by CEDRE using a specially designed injector. This device enabled a large reduction of the pressure drop in the back flow of a volumetric pump moving heavy fuels. The influence of different parameters also was evaluated. Concerning a break-up of “chocolate mousse” emulsions, it was necessary to verify the effectiveness of demulsifiers when applying them in the presence of free water, such as found when actually recovering oil spilled at sea. The influence of different parameters was first studied with a laboratory physical model and then confirmed during full-scale tests.

Assessment of Dents Under High Longitudinal Strain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Yong-Yi Wang ◽  
Brent Ayton ◽  
Mark Stephens ◽  
Steve Nanney
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Strain Capacity ◽  
Parametric Analyses ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
The Impact

Pipeline construction activities and in-service interference events can frequently result in dents on the pipe. The pipelines can also experience high longitudinal strain in areas of ground movement and seismic activity. Current assessment procedures for dents were developed and validated under the assumption that the predominant loading is internal pressure and that the level of longitudinal strain is low. The behavior of dents under high longitudinal strain is not known. This paper discusses work funded by US DOT PHMSA on the assessment of dents under high longitudinal strain. Parametric numerical analyses were conducted to identify and examine key parameters and mechanisms controlling the compressive strain capacity (CSC) of pipes with dents. Selected full-scale tests were also conducted to experimentally examine the impact of dents on CSC. The focus of this work was on CSC because tensile strain capacity is known not to be significantly affected by the presence of dents. Through the parametric analyses and full-scale validation tests, guidelines on the CSC assessment of dented pipes under high longitudinal strain were developed.

Designing a High Energy Rockfall Kit

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 692-697
Author(s):  
Benoit Boutillier ◽  
Alice Clarke ◽  
Denis Huber
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Structures ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Main Component ◽  
High Level ◽  
Flexible Barriers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Best Parameters

The present study deals with flexible structures which protect human lives and buildings against falling rocks with a high energy, up to 5 000 kJ. These rockfall kits have to match the new European standard ETAG 027 which requires different specific full scale tests. To reach high level of performance, these flexible barriers have to be studied in details. First, each main component such as net sets and dissipating devices, have been studied separately. The Anti Sub Marine net was then chosen for its elasticity and isotropic behavior. The best parameters for braking systems have been defined by different tests. Then, the complete design of the structure was performed according to several criteria such as the position of brakes, the post height, the easy repair, the independence of modules and the final cost (kit with its global installation). Finally, the design which fit the best of our criteria was used to perform full scale tests. After some trials, the so-called HC RP® 3 000 kJ and 5 000 kJ kits matched the ETAG 027 requirements. All kits need lateral anchors to stabilize lateral posts during the impact. All the posts are H-shaped and a central net brake is used.

Burst Pressure of Wrinkles Under High Longitudinal Strain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honggang Zhou ◽  
Yong-Yi Wang ◽  
Steve Nanney
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Biaxial Loading ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Burst Pressure ◽  
Current Assessment ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Longitudinal Strains

Wrinkles may form in pipelines experiencing high longitudinal strains in areas of ground movement and seismic activities. Current assessment procedures for wrinkles were developed and validated under the assumption that the predominant loading was internal pressure and that the level of longitudinal strain was low. The impact of wrinkles on the burst pressure of pipes under high longitudinal strain is not known. This paper describes work funded by US DOT PHMSA on the assessment of burst pressure of wrinkled pipes under high longitudinal strain. Both numerical analyses and full-scale tests were conducted to examine the burst pressure of wrinkled pipes. The numerical analysis results were compared with the full-scale test data. The effect of wrinkles on burst pressure were discussed. The biaxial loading conditions in the pipe were found affect the burst pressure of wrinkled pipes.

scholarly journals Sorption Characteristics and Removal Efficiency of Organic Micropollutants in Drinking Water Using Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) in Pilot-Scale and Full-Scale Tests

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2053
Author(s):  
Oksana Golovko ◽  
Luana de Brito Anton ◽  
Claudia Cascone ◽  
Lutz Ahrens ◽  
Elin Lavonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

Granulated active carbon (GAC) is commonly used as a chemical barrier for the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). However, little is known about the impact of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and its long-term performance with regard to OMP removal efficiency. This study examined the performance of two GAC types (Norit 830W and Filtrasorb 400) in the removal of OMPs and DOC from natural lake water, in pilot-scale and full-scale tests run for almost one year. Potential early warning indicators of the exhaustion of GAC sorption capacity were also evaluated. The seven OMPs investigated (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, cetirizine, fexofenadine, oxazepam, fluconazole and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET)) all showed decreasing removal efficiencies after ~20,000 bed volumes (BV) in the pilot-scale Norit 830W and Filtrasorb 400 columns. However, columns with an 18-min empty bed contact time (EBCT) showed better performances than columns with 6-min EBCT. DEET was the OMP adsorbed most weakly. We found that DOC concentrations, methylene blue sorption kinetics, UV and fluorescence did not sufficiently explain the OMP breakthrough in the GAC columns. We concluded that carbamazepine, lamotrigine and fexofenadine can be used as indicators of decreasing GAC adsorption performance, due to their later breakthrough. Based on the results, UV and fluorescence removal could be used for the early detection of declining DOC removal, and online solid-phase extraction (SPE)–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) could be used for the early detection of OMPs in drinking water.

scholarly journals FULL SCALE TRAILS OF DOLOSSE TO DESTRUCTION

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans F. Burcharth
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Strength ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Cover Layer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

It is well known that the relative dynamic strength of unreinforced slender concrete units decreases as the size increases. Big units can resist relatively smaller movements than small units. When model tests of cover layer stability are performed the determination of the damage criterion that should be adopted must therefore be based on knowledge of the dynamic strength of the corresponding prototype units. With the purpose of establishing a relation between the size and the dynamic strength of unreinforced units some full scale tests to destruction of 1.5 and 5.4 t units were performed. The set up and the procedure of the tests which simulates the impact from rocking of the units and from concrete pieces that are thrown against the units are designed to make a comparison between the behaviour of units of different sizes possible. The test method is described and proposed as a standard method. The theoretical expression for the dynamic strength is compared with the test results and it is shown that if the units are allowed to move there is an upper limit for the size of unreinforced units where a balance between the hydraulic stability of the cover layer and the strength of the units exists. Different ways of improving the strength of the units are discussed on the basis of the results from tests with different types of concrete. The tests included an investigation of the influence of reinforcement, and of different types of concrete and surface cracks on the performance of the units.

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