scholarly journals FULL SCALE TRAILS OF DOLOSSE TO DESTRUCTION

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans F. Burcharth
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Strength ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Cover Layer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

It is well known that the relative dynamic strength of unreinforced slender concrete units decreases as the size increases. Big units can resist relatively smaller movements than small units. When model tests of cover layer stability are performed the determination of the damage criterion that should be adopted must therefore be based on knowledge of the dynamic strength of the corresponding prototype units. With the purpose of establishing a relation between the size and the dynamic strength of unreinforced units some full scale tests to destruction of 1.5 and 5.4 t units were performed. The set up and the procedure of the tests which simulates the impact from rocking of the units and from concrete pieces that are thrown against the units are designed to make a comparison between the behaviour of units of different sizes possible. The test method is described and proposed as a standard method. The theoretical expression for the dynamic strength is compared with the test results and it is shown that if the units are allowed to move there is an upper limit for the size of unreinforced units where a balance between the hydraulic stability of the cover layer and the strength of the units exists. Different ways of improving the strength of the units are discussed on the basis of the results from tests with different types of concrete. The tests included an investigation of the influence of reinforcement, and of different types of concrete and surface cracks on the performance of the units.

Respirometry for determination of the influents SS-concentration

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Witteborg ◽  
A. van der Last ◽  
R. Hamming ◽  
I. Hemmers
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
On Line ◽  
Large Measurement ◽  
Set Up

A method is presented for determining influent readily biodegradable substrate concentration (SS). The method is based on three different respiration rates, which can be measured with a continuous respiration meter which is operated in a cyclic way. Within the respiration meter nitrification is inhibited through the addition of ATU. Simulations were used to develop the respirometry set-up and decide upon the experimental design. The method was tested as part of a large measurement programme executed at a full-scale plant. The proposed respirometry set-up has been shown to be suitable for a semi-on-line determination of an influent SS which is fully based on the IAWQ #1 vision of the activated sludge process. The YH and the KS play a major role in the principle, and should be measured directly from the process.

TurkStream Collapse Test Program

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Timms ◽  
Doug Swanek ◽  
Duane DeGeer ◽  
Arjen Meijer ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

The TurkStream pipeline project is designed to transport approximately 32 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually from Russia to Turkey under the Black Sea, with more than 85% of the deep-water route being deeper than 2000 m. The offshore section is intended to consist of two parallel lines, each approximately 900 km long. The preliminary stages of the front end engineering design (pre-FEED) phase was managed by INTECSEA. To support the analyses and design of the deepest portions, a full scale collapse test program was performed by C-FER Technologies (C-FER). This collapse test program, which included 62 full-scale collapse and pressure+bend tests, 54 medium-scale ring collapse tests, and hundreds of small-scale tests, was primarily aimed at measuring, quantifying and documenting the increase in pipe strength and collapse resistance resulting from the thermal induction heat treatment effect (thermal ageing) that arises during the pipe coating process. Two grades of 32-inch (813 mm) outside diameter (OD) line-pipe, SAWL450 and SAWL485 with wall thicknesses of 39.0 mm or 37.4 mm, respectively, were supplied from various mills for testing. The collapse test program objectives were as follows: • Determine the collapse resistance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Determine the pressure+bend performance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Measure the effect of thermal ageing on material and collapse testing results, including the impact of multiple thermal cycles; and • Evaluate the results of medium-scale ring collapse tests as compared to full-scale tests. This paper presents selected results of this work, along with some comparisons to predictive equations.

scholarly journals LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS OF IMPACTS ON COARSE SEDIMENT BEACHES

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Ian Ball ◽  
Edgar Mendoza-Baldwin ◽  
David Simmonds ◽  
Adrián Pedrozo-Acuña ◽  
Dominic E Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Impact Pressure ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Coarse Sediment ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Events ◽  
Plunging Breaker

In this paper we present laboratory observations of plunging wave breaker impact pressure responses on a steep coarse-grained beach, extending previous work conducted by Pedrozo-Acuña et al. (2008). Scale laboratory measurements of plunging breaker impact events are reported and compared with the previous full-scale tests. These tests extend the previous relationships to a wider range of surf-similarity parameters and indicate a continued reduction in impact pressure as the transition from plunging impacts to surging impacts is approached. Additional results from scale tests conducted on a smooth impermeable slope also indicate the presence of a maximum impact pressure within the plunging breaker region; however also suggest it may be necessary to include roughness and permeability in the parameterization of the impact pressure.

A Sub-System Test Methodology for Simulating EEVC Side Impact

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishnakanth Aekbote ◽  
Srinivasan Sundararajan ◽  
Joseph A. Prater ◽  
Joe E. Abramczyk
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Supporting Frame ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crash Tests

Abstract A sled based test method for simulating full-scale EEVC (European) side impact crash test is described in this paper. Both the dummy (Eurosid-1) and vehicle structural responses were simulated, and validated with the full-scale crash tests. The effect of various structural configurations such as foam filled structures, material changes, rocker and b-pillar reinforcements, advanced door design concepts, on vehicle performance can be evaluated using this methodology at the early stages of design. In this approach, an actual EEVC honeycomb barrier and a vehicle body-in-white with doors were used. The under-hood components (engine, transmission, radiator, etc.), tires, and the front/rear suspensions were not included in the vehicle assembly, but they were replaced by lumped masses (by adding weight) in the front and rear of the vehicle, to maintain the overall vehicle weight. The vehicle was mounted on the sled by means of a supporting frame at the front/rear suspension attachments, and was allowed to translate in the impact direction only. At the start of the simulation, an instrumented Eurosid-1 dummy was seated inside the vehicle, while maintaining the same h-point location, chest angle, and door-to-dummy lateral distance, as in a full-scale crash test. The EEVC honeycomb barrier was mounted on another sled, and care was taken to ensure that weight, and the relative impact location to the vehicle, was maintained the same as in full-scale crash test. The Barrier impacted the stationary vehicle at an initial velocity of approx. 30 mph. The MDB and the vehicle were allowed to slide for about 20 inches from contact, before they were brought to rest. Accelerometers were mounted on the door inner sheet metal and b-pillar, rocker, seat cross-members, seats, and non-struck side rocker. The Barrier was instrumented with six load cells to monitor the impact force at different sections, and an accelerometer for deceleration measurement. The dummy, vehicle, and the Barrier responses showed good correlation when compared to full-scale crash tests. The test methodology was also used in assessing the performance/crashworthiness of various sub-system designs of the side structure (A-pillar, B-pillar, door, rocker, seat cross-members, etc.) of a passenger car. This paper concerns itself with the development and validation of the test methodology only, as the study of various side structure designs and evaluations are beyond the scope of this paper.

scholarly journals Effect of Maneuvering on Ice-Induced Loading on Ship Hull: Dedicated Full-Scale Tests in the Baltic Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Mikko Suominen ◽  
Fang Li ◽  
Liangliang Lu ◽  
Pentti Kujala ◽  
Anriëtte Bekker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Load Duration ◽  
Ship Control ◽  
Level Ice ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

Maneuvers in level ice are common operations for icebreakers and polar supply vessels. Maneuvering exposes the midship and stern area to ice interaction, influencing the magnitude and frequency of ice-induced loading in these areas. However, full-scale measurements do not typically cover the midship and stern areas, as measurements have commonly focused on the bow area. Controlled maneuvering tests were conducted during the ice trials of S.A. Agulhas II in the Baltic Sea. During these tests, ice-induced loading at different hull areas was measured simultaneously with ship control, navigation, and ice condition data. This work studied the effect of maneuvers on the characteristics and statistics of ice-induced loading at different hull areas and compared the impact to ahead operations. The study showed that the maneuvers had minor impact to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of loading at the bow and bow shoulder. On the other hand, maneuvers had a clear effect on the load magnitude and frequency at the stern shoulder. Additionally, a statistical analysis showed that the load magnitude increased as a function of load duration in all hull areas. Furthermore, the analyzed measurement data are presented and made available with the paper.

The development of a laboratory drip rig for performing reproducible comparisons on different precipitation sensors by correcting for environmental conditions and rig set up

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ginger Frame ◽  
Erin Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Water Droplet ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Test Scenario ◽  
Fall Velocity ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

<p>Assessing the accuracy of precipitation sensors can prove very challenging due to the lack of a universal test standard, stemming from difficulties in creating a controlled test scenario. We propose a refined method of testing that is highly reproducible and can be applied to any precipitation sensor regardless of sensing technology.</p><p>It is widely understood that two identical disdrometers mounted close together in a real rain event are not likely to report the same precipitation measurements due to the small scale spatial variation of rain. This makes it difficult to draw comparisons between sensors of the same type and even more difficult to compare rain sensors that have different sensing areas and use different sensing technologies. It is therefore desirable to simulate rainfall in the laboratory that is representative of real world conditions but this presents its own set of challenges, primarily in creating rain drops that travel at terminal velocity. This test method significantly reduces the impact of this issue.</p><p>This is particularly important for sensors such as optical, acoustic, radar or impact, where the calculations used to obtain rainfall accumulation and drop size distribution assume that the droplets are at terminal velocity. Even for sensors such as capacitive rain gauges and tipping buckets, where the velocity of fall is not directly related to the measurements, more valid conclusions can be drawn about the sensor’s ability to measure precipitation when the droplets imitate real rainfall as closely as possible.</p><p>Here, the development of a drip rig capable of creating raindrops of a controlled size is documented. The drip rig can be mounted at a known height and used to test a variety of different precipitation sensors. However, due to height restrictions in the laboratory, it is not possible to get larger raindrops to terminal velocity. Mounted at a height of 7.4m, drops above 2 mm in diameter do not reach 99% terminal velocity, and drops above 3 mm do not reach 95%. For this reason, corrections must be applied to the calculations. It is therefore essential to have an understanding of the change in fall velocity of a water droplet with fall distance.</p><p>This work documents the equations used to calculate drop velocity with fall distance for different drop masses. Temperature, humidity and air pressure define air density, which has a significant impact on the velocity of a falling water droplet. The effect of each of these environmental factors has been investigated in order to allow for further corrections. Performing these corrections greatly improves the validity and repeatability of the tests carried out on precipitation sensors.</p>

Full-scale field tests on directly embedded steel pole foundations

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Haldar ◽  
VSN Prasad Yenumula ◽  
T R Chari
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Embedment Depth ◽  
Ultimate Capacity ◽  
Backfill Material ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Laterally Loaded

The results of eight full-scale tests on directly embedded steel pole foundations are presented. Fully instrumented poles were tested to measure the various design parameters. Different types of backfills such as sand, in situ gravelly sand, crushed stone, and flowable material were used. Various parameters were measured, including applied moment, ground line deflection-rotation, rotation of the pole below the ground level, soil pressures, and bending moments in the poles. The behaviour of these foundations was explained through ultimate capacity and moment-rotation characteristics. Based on these test results, it was found that the capacity of the directly embedded pole foundation depends primarily on the compaction levels of backfill and the embedment length of the pole. Flowable backfill material, which does not require any compaction, was found to be most effective and promising. Even when the backfill was loose, the lateral capacity significantly increased by the addition of a baseplate or by installing the pole with an additional embedment depth. Various theories developed for laterally loaded rigid piles were used to predict the moment-rotation behaviour and the ultimate capacity of the directly embedded pole foundation with different types of backfill material. Results from the analytical investigations were compared with those obtained from the full-scale load tests. Comparisons show that the ultimate capacities predicted by the models ranged from 0.30 to 2.20 times the measured capacities.Key words: backfill, compaction, full-scale tests, laterally loaded rigid piles, transmission steel poles, ultimate moment.

The Influence of the UOE-SAWL Forming Process on the Collapse Resistance of Deepwater Linepipe

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano O. Mantovano ◽  
Mohamed R. Chebaro ◽  
Hugo A. Ernst ◽  
Marcos de Souza ◽  
Chris M. Timms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Expansion Stage ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

The UOE-SAWL pipe manufacturing process introduces considerable plastic deformations and residual stresses to feedstock plate material. Previous experimental and analytical studies have demonstrated that the effects of this process, predominantly in its final expansion stage, significantly reduce the collapse resistance of deepwater linepipe. Finite element analyses, sensitivity analyses and full-scale tests were conducted by Tenaris and C-FER Technologies (C-FER) over the last several years to better comprehend the impact of cold forming on collapse resistance. This paper presents the findings of the latest segment of this ongoing study, the objective of which was to optimize the collapse resistance of UOE-SAWL linepipe by varying three key thermal ageing parameters: time, temperature and number of thermal cycles. Six X70M and four X80M UOE pipe samples were manufactured and thermally treated with varied parameters. Full-scale collapse and buckle propagation tests were then carried out in an experimental chamber that simulates deepwater conditions. These experimental results were evaluated with respect to collapse predictions from API RP 1111 and DNV OS-F101. Material and ring splitting tests were also performed on samples obtained from these pipes to better assess the extent of the UOE pipe collapse resistance recovery. The outcomes of this study will be employed to further optimize the collapse resistance of subsea linepipe in order to reduce material and offshore installation costs.

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