scholarly journals VOLCANIC ERUPTION-INDUCED TSUNAMI AT ANAK KRAKATAU VOLCANO, SUNDA STRAIT, INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Kaori Nagai ◽  
Taro Arikawa ◽  
Kwanchai Pakoksung ◽  
Fumihiko Imamura ◽  
Masashi Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Volcanic Eruption ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Krakatau Volcano

On 22 December 2018, a volcanic eruption occurred at Anak Krakatau, Sunda Strait, Indonesia, which induced a tsunami. At the coastal area in the Sunda Strait, the destructive tsunami destroyed many structures and killed more than 400 people approximately 30 to 40 min after the eruption. In this event, it has been reported that many residents start to evacuate after seeing tsunami because alert of tsunami was not occurred. It is difficult to escape from a tsunami after seeing it waves, so early evacuation become important. Previously, many studies which handle Krakatau volcanic eruption induced tsunamis have been conducted. Pakoksung et al. (2019) conducted its simulation, but it was reported that the observed run-up heights and inundation depths were underestimated. Moreover, there were few studies which handle evacuation from non- seismic tsunami. The purpose of the study is to reveal the actual evacuation action from the tsunami induced by the 2018 volcanic eruption.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/ELOif7G4eNo

scholarly journals Geological and oceanographic data determining the foreshore zone according to the Greek legislation

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
K.G. PEHLIVANOGLOU ◽  
M. RAPPOU ◽  
M. MARTSOUKOU
Keyword(s):  
Wave Field ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Standard Case ◽  
Official Gazette ◽  
Shallow Area ◽  
Oceanographic Data ◽  
Run Up

The available scientific field data of the marine and the coastal enviroment, (wind and wave field data, shallow area bathymetry, coastal area geomorphology and topography, etc.), in addition to deep and shallow wave prediction numerical modelling (by means of wind and bathymetry measurements), calculation of the nearshore wave height and maximum wave run up, were used to support the mapping of the innermost limit of the foreshore zone according to Greek legislation which defi nes that ‘the foreshore is the zone of land wetted by the highest however unexceptional sea wave run up’ and the Supreme Administrative Court standard case law. These methods were applied for two areas, which completely differ as regards the wind and the wave field, the geomorphological and topographical characteristics of the coastal area, suggesting different procedures for the determination of the innermost limit of the foreshore zone. The limits of the foreshore zones for both areas, resulting from the study, are compared to the limits set out by the authorised Administrative Commissions, which were published in the Official Gazette and also were applied by the local authorities for the management of the coastal area.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Study of Wave and Lithodynamic Processes in the Coastal Area of the Village of Morskoye (Eastern Crimea)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Kharitonova ◽  
D. V. Alekseev ◽  
V. V. Fomin ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Velocity ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Incoming Wave ◽  
Space Images ◽  
Run Up ◽  
The Village ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Wind waves can have a significant impact on the coastal infrastructure. The paper aims at a comprehensive study of regional characteristics of wind waves near the village of Morskoye (south-eastern coast of Crimea), which are necessary to develop a project of reconstruction of the highway adjacent to the coastal area. Space images and cartographic information were used to study the beach dynamics in the studied area. It is shown that before construction of the coast protection structures the beach width in the studied area was 25–30 m, whereas after the construction it narrowed down to 15–25 m. Based on the wind wave reanalysis data obtained using SWAN spectral model and ERA-Interim surface wind fields for 1979–2017, regime characteristics of waves in the coastal zone of Morskoye were calculated. It was found that waves with average periods of 3.0–3.5 s have the maximum recurrence (over 16 %). Wind waves coming from SE-SSE sector have the highest recurrence rate. Estimates were obtained for the extreme characteristics of wind waves that may occur once in a given number of years. The SWASH hydrodynamic model was used to perform mathematical modelling of wave run-up on the coastal area. In their calculations the authors used a regular grid of the coastal relief with high spatial resolution based on the interpolation of topo-geodetic and bathymetric survey results. An incoming wave was given as a soliton of 2.0; 3.0 and 3.4 m high. It was found that with the incoming wave height of 2.0 m, the vertical wave splash in the studied area varies within 1.7–2.2 m. At a height of 3.4 m, the splash reaches 1.8–2.9 m. In this case the beach is flooded completely. During the run-up, wave current velocity amounts up to 5 m/s. Along the lower boundary of the cliff the bottom maximum current velocity reaches 1.5–1.75 m/s. At such velocities near the cliff, the beach consisting of material with the grain size up to 60–90 mm can be eroded.

scholarly journals The foreshore zone determination according to the Greek legislation, using geologic and océanographie data

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1609
Author(s):  
K. G. Pehlivanoglou ◽  
M. Martsoukou
Keyword(s):  
Wave Field ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Standard Case ◽  
Official Gazette ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Coastal Area Management ◽  
Shallow Area ◽  
Run Up

The available scientific field data of the marine and the coastal enviroment, (the wind and the wave field data, the shallow area bathymetry, the coastal area geomorphology and topography, etc.), joint to deep and shallow wave prediction numerical modelling (by means of the wind and bathymetry measurements), calculation of the near shore wave height and maximum wave run up, were used to support the mapping of the innermost limit of the foreshore zone, according to the Greek legislation which defines that "the foreshore is the zone of land wetted by the highest however unexceptional sea wave run up " and the Supreme Administrative Court standard case law. These methods applied for two areas, which completely differ for the wind and the wave field, the géomorphologie and topographic characteristics of the coastal area, proposing different procedures for the determination of the innermost limit of the foreshore zone. The proposed limits of the foreshore zones for both areas, resulted from the study, are compared to the limits proposed by the authorised Administrative Commissions, which were published in the Official Gazette and also were applied by the local authorities for the coastal area management

scholarly journals Geologic and Oceanographic Data Determining the "Old Foreshore Zone", of the Heraklion Coastal Area, Crete Island

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Wave Prediction ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
Sea Bottom ◽  
Crete Island ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Sea Wave

Geologic, oceanographic and topographic data and field measurements, of the coastal area in front of Heraklion City, Crete Island, as well as deep sea wave measurements and shallow wave prediction numerical modelling were used for the determination of the 1884 foreshore. Data from numerous drills performed in the coastal area of Heraklion City used for the stratigraphic study of the area. For the calculation of the shallow area wave height, the deep area wave height and wind measurements in the of Cretan Sea were used, as input data of the shallow wave prediction model, taking into account the archive data about the sea bottom bathymetry and the topography of Heraklion area. Then, the maximum wave run up on the coastal area in 1884, which determines the limit of the old foreshore zone was calculated, and the critical requirements of the Act 2971/2001 and the Compulsory Law 2344/1940 "the bigger however unexceptional sea wave run up" were estimated. Finally the innermost limit of the foreshore zone during 1884 was defined, as the 3.5 m level.

scholarly journals Run-up, inundation, and sediment characteristics of the 22 December 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Widiyanto ◽  
Shih-Chun Hsiao ◽  
Wei-Bo Chen ◽  
Purwanto B. Santoso ◽  
Rudy T. Imananta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Sediment Characteristics ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
The North ◽  
Sediment Deposits ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Krakatau Volcano

Abstract. A tsunami caused by a flank collapse of the southwest part of the Anak Krakatau volcano occurred on 22 December 2018. The tsunami affected the coastal areas located at the edge of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. To gain an understanding of the tsunami event, field surveys were conducted a month after the incident. The surveys included measurements of run-up height, inundation distance, tsunami direction, and sediment characteristics at 20 selected sites. The survey results revealed that the run-up height reached 9.2 m in Tanjungjaya and an inundation distance of 286.8 m was found at Cagar Alam, part of Ujung Kulon National Park. The tsunami propagated radially from Anak Krakatau and reached the coastal zone with a direction between 25 and 350∘ from the north. Sediment samples were collected at 27 points in tsunami deposits with a sediment thickness of 1.5–12.7 cm. The average distance from the coast of the area with significant sediment deposits and the deposit limit are 45 % and 73 % of the inundation distance, respectively. Sand sheets were sporadic, highly variable, and highly influenced by topography. Grain sizes in the deposit area were finer than those at their sources. The sizes ranged from fine sand to boulders, with medium sand and coarse sand being dominant. All sediment samples had a well-sorted distribution. An assessment of the boulder movements indicates that the tsunami run-up had minimum velocities of 4.0–4.5 m s−1.

scholarly journals InSAR Coherence and Backscatter Images Based Analysis for the Anak Krakatau Volcano Eruption

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Arun Babu ◽  
Shashi Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruption ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Volcano Eruption ◽  
Tidal Waves ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Color Composite ◽  
Interferometric Sar ◽  
Krakatau Volcano ◽  
True Color

The Anak Krakatau Island and volcano caldera are located at the Sunda Strait between the Java and Sumatra Islands of Indonesia. The volcano started erupting on 22 December 2018, and collapse of the volcano resulted in Tsunami. The large tidal waves caused mass destruction and loss of life in the Java and Sumatra islands. The objective of this study was the interferometric SAR coherence and backscatter images based analysis of Anak Krakatau Island using Sentinel-1 SAR data. Seven datasets of ESA’s Sentinel-1 C-band satellite acquired from 25 November 2018 to 24 January 2019 were used in this study. The InSAR RGB composite images were generated by stacking together the interferometric coherence magnitude images and the sigma nought backscatter images. Sentinel-2 true color composite (TCC) images before and after the volcanic eruption were used to verify the results obtained through InSAR coherence analysis. The sigma nought backscatter image of 22 December 2018 clearly indicates the volcano eruption center and the ocean waves moving away from Anak Krakatau due to the seismic shock waves caused by the volcano eruption. The combined interpretation of the results revealed that the severe volcanic eruption on 22 December 2018 caused a large portion of the volcano to collapse, and all the rock debris which submerged to the ocean displaced the ocean water and resulted in the Tsunami at the Indonesian islands.

scholarly journals Study of Intersection Coverage Area for Pedestrian Overpasses as Vertical Evacuation from Tsunami in Padang, West Sumatra

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Andi Syukri
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
The Road ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Vertical Evacuation ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Remaining Time

Padang City, as one of the highest vulnerable from earthquake and tsunami, has been transforming to become disaster smart city. However, the inadequacy of horizontal evacuation routes is caused by numerous tremors in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2016 are indicating it is lack of occupancy for evacuee. Then, these condition is decreasing by traditional behavior evacuee are still using the vehicle and unwell planned evacuation as personally or in the community. The small number of vertical evacuation building and lack of awareness of community, and unmanaged the evacuation facilities make emergency response from earthquake and tsunami is uncontrolled in 0 – 20 minute for 30 minutes remaining time evacuate to inland in personally or community. Padang city has people density in the more than 1,317 people/km2 in the coastal area numerous potential for earthquake and tsunami risk. Pedestrian overpasses as primary facilities in many main roads in Padang City should be utilized for people to cross the road but it does not work properly but in fact, type of material, steel construction, was not durable with the climate in Padang that have coastal climate and a high number of behavior for crossing road in uncertain places. Regarding of the vulnerability in earthquake and tsunami risk, unmanaged construction and bad culture in crossing the road, pedestrian overpasses, especially in the intersection, will be redesigned to be a vertical evacuation. It will have a multifunction structure that is not simply for passing the pedestrian but also comprises remarkable facilities as a meeting point, commercial place and public facilities. Pedestrian overpasses for vertical evacuation from the tsunami will solve lack of area for construct vertical evacuation in the community. It can duplicate easily for any coastal cities that require vertical evacuation structures. Apparently, area availability will determine how vulnerable the site for vertical evacuation will suit for evacuee who living surrounding. Road intersection will be a good site for redesigning vertical evacuation Intersection of the road and have large space will be a good candidate for redesigning pedestrian overpasses as vertical evacuation structure. Road Intersection as vulnerable routes for horizontal evacuation is already happened in several occurrence of earthquake in Padang City. Based on google maps, every road will contribute a number of evacuee and mostly by using vehicle and fewer people who will evacuate by walking. The Study of coverage area intersection pedestrian overpasses as vertical evacuation from tsunami in Padang, West Sumatra will describe about how large the estimated capacity of pedestrian overpasses can be suit for vertical evacuation and how wide the area can be facilitated by this evacuation site. Remaining time of tsunami, walking space, readiness evacuation time, and time to reach upland. Those will be determined into how far the evacuee can reach the site. Based on the population density, it can observed the length of the radius can be serviced the evacuee to evacuation structure. People density will influence how large the coverage area for each site. According to this study, horizontal evacuation from tsunami in Padang city is still vulnerable for the people who living in coastal area. Bottleneck evacuation can be solved by build a vertical evacuation near by the bottleneck zone. Pedestrian overpasses for vertical evacuation is designing to accommodate the evacuee can save their life from the tsunami run up because incapability to reach inland.

scholarly journals Estimation of Tsunami Inundation and Disaster Mitigation in Bulukumba, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Imanuela I. Pertiwi ◽  
Muhammad H. Fattah ◽  
Abdul Rauf
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Scenario ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Mangrove Plant ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Run Up

The study aims to determine the potential of earthquake that could lead to tsunamis in the Flores Sea. Furthermore, based on the potential of earthquake magnitude, can be known high run-up of tsunami in the southern coastal region of Bulukumba regency. The height run-up of tsunami can show the vulnerability of tsunami impact and eects spatially based on the eect of land function in the southern coastal area of Bulukumba Regency. To plan an eective mitigation scenario in the southern coastal area of Bulukumba Regency can be based on the vulnerability of tsunami impacts and eects. This study uses secondary data consisting of three data. The condition of land function and the density of community infrastructure is obtained basedon RTRW data of Bulukumba District and Satellite Bing Maps image data; historical data of earthquake events inthe Flores Sea from 1927 to 2016 from the USGS site, and BMKG; as well as topographic data. Field check activityon land function condition is done as a form of conformity of secondary data. The results showed that the potential of seismicity in the Flores Sea is high, with magnitude (M 7 SR) potentially causing tsunamis around it, not least Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The area of tsunami inundation in Bulukumba Regency is 13.617 km2. The coastal area of Ujungbulu sub-district is a dense residential area that has the highest risk to the tsunami with an estimated 3,331 km2 inundation. Land cover in Bontotiro sub-district dominated by vegetation with kerapatandengan interval distance of more than 3 m is seen able to reduce the tsunami with a height of 17 m and 25 m. Tsunami disaster mitigation scenario in Bulukumba regency is to make coastal area as conservation area of coastal forest (mangrove plant) that function as green belt of tsunamiwave holder.

scholarly journals ANALISA RESIKO PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL NUSA DUA-NGURAH RAI-TANJUNG BENOA TERHADAP TSUNAMI

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Edwin Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Coastal Vulnerability ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Evacuation Routes ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

The construction of Nusa Dua – Ngurah Rai – Benoa Toll Road in coastal area which has vulnerability of tsunami so for measure the level of vulnerability use the Building TsunamiVulnerability (BTV) from Omira et al (2009), Tsunami Matrix from Sengaji and Nababan (2009),and Coastal Vulnerability Indeks (CVI) by Kumar et al (2010). The result of BTV is 30%, this value included in the class risk D1 which has meaning slight no structural damage. Then with the result showed the value is 4 and include in the class risk 4 which the meaning is high risk. Lastly,measuring with CVI model the result is 16,53 this included in the class risk moderate. We had different results, it is because the parameter and the coefficient value were calculated also different. Furthermore, the parameters tsunami run-up and the type of building materials are parameters which need to be most consider, these parameters are the most dominant factor. It can be concluded that the Nusa Dua - Ngurah Rai - Benoa toll road has vulnerability to Tsunami.Thus, we must preparing the mitigation or adaptation plan, such as, evacuation routes plan, if forece majeur happened.

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