scholarly journals Agricultural soils strengthening employing humic acids and its effect on plant growth chilli pepper and eggplant

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredy Colpas- Castillo ◽  
Arnulfo Tarón Dunoyer ◽  
Jairo Mercado Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Chilli Pepper ◽  
Significant Difference

The Humic substance has been recognized widely as a plant growth promoter because they induce changes in root, architecture and dynamics of growth which result in larger root size. The aim of this study was evaluating the effect Humic acids on the chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) plants growing in soils fertilized with urea. 200 g of soil were incorporated to the fertilizer once and the Humic acid in concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%. All measurements growths were carried out during 45 days growth. The finding shows that all treatments cause significant increases (p < 0.05) in the total area of roots. For the chili pepper, the multiple comparison tests of Tukey and Dunnett showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the control soils and the soils containing 0.1% and 0.2% of Humic acid. By the opposite, no statistical differences (p > 0.05) were observed among control soil and those containing 0.05 % of Humic acid. Concerning the eggplant, significant differences were established (p<0.05) between the control and samples incorporated with 0.1% and 0.2% of Humic acid. The Humic acids act as a growth biostimulant in chili pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena).

Effects of humic acid and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on induced resistance of canola to Brevicoryne brassicae L

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sattari Nasab ◽  
M. Pahlavan Yali ◽  
M. Bozorg-Amirkalaee
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Brevicoryne Brassicae ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

AbstractThe cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem: Aphididae), is an important pest of canola that can considerably limit profitable crop production either through direct feeding or via transmission of plant pathogenic viruses. One of the most effective approaches of pest control is the use of biostimulants. In this study, the effects of humic acid, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and integrated application of both compounds were investigated on life table parameters of B. brassicae, and the tolerance of canola to this pest. B. brassicae reared on plants treated with these compounds had the lower longevity, fecundity, and reproductive period compared with control treatment. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were lowest on PGPR treatment (0.181 ± 0.004 day−1 and 1.198 ± 0.004 day−1, respectively) and highest on control (0.202 ± 0.005 day−1 and 1.224 ± 0.006 day−1, respectively). The net reproductive rate (R0) under treatments of humic acid, PGPR and humic acid + PGPR was lower than control. There was no significant difference in generation time (T) of B. brassicae among the tested treatments. In the tolerance test, plants treated with PGPR alone or in integrated with humic acid had the highest tolerance against B. brassicae. The highest values of total phenol, flavonoids, and glucosinolates were observed in treatments of PGPR and humic acid + PGPR. Basing on the antibiosis and tolerance analyses in this study, we concluded that canola plants treated with PGPR are more resistant to B. brassicae. These findings could be useful for integrated pest management of B. brassicae in canola fields.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Praperlakuan Dingin Antera terhadap Pembentukan Kalus Cabai Merah Keriting (Capsicum annuum L.) Pretreatment on the Callus Formation of Curly Red Chilli Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
Nida Wafiqah Nabila M Solin ◽  
Dian Adriani ◽  
Zulfahmi Zulfahmi ◽  
Mokhamad Irfan ◽  
Rosmaina Rosmaina
Keyword(s):  
Anther Culture ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Haploid Plant ◽  
Cold Pretreatment ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
Chilli Pepper ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L

The production of the double haploid plant in vitro through anther culture technique is a plant breeding technique used to obtain pure strain rapidly. A variety of pretreatment has been reported to induce callus and regenerate planlets efficiently. This study aims at describing the influence of cold anther pretreatment towards the callus formation of curly red chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). This research was conducted in the laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, Universtas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. The explants used are anther of local genotype of curly red chili pepper. The anthers are stored at low temperatures (4 °c) with different time intervals of 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The results showed that the percentage of highest callus formation was obtained at 24 and 72 hours length storage, ie 50%. Cold pretreatment of 72 hours anther storage results in a faster callus with a percentage of the highest yellowish white callus color of 17.65% and a compact structure. The cold pretreatment with 72 hours anther storage is the most optimal acceleration in the development stage of anther culture and induces te formation of curly red chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) local genotypes.

scholarly journals Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annuum L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
. Anolisa ◽  
Md. Al-Imran, Riyad Hossen ◽  
A.T.M. Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Subroto Kumar Das
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Significant Difference

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important food additive with high medicinal value. To investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on chili, seedlings of chili were collected from the local market and grown in the experimental field of the University of Barishal, Bangladesh. Foliar spray of different degrees of plant growth regulators, Gibberellin (50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 250mg/l, 350 mg/l GA3) and Cytokinin (50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 250mg/l, 350mg/l Kn) were applied from 15 days of germination. Data on different growth and yield parameters were collected and analyzed statistically. The result reveals that there is a significant difference in growth and yield related traits in chili due to the application of plant growth regulators. An optimum level of PGRs application shows better performance compare with control. Plant height particularly influenced by GA3 whereas other attributes like the number of leaves, branches, flowers and fruits are greatly influenced by the application of kinetin.

scholarly journals Teknologi Budidaya Tanaman Tomat Melalui Inverted Gardening dan Conventional Gardening Berbasis Pemanfaatan Bakteri Indigenus

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Widawati ◽  
IM Sudiana ◽  
E Sukara ◽  
Agus Muharam
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Indigenous Bacteria ◽  
Plant Growth Promoter ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRAK. Inokulan padat Azzofor-wd3 merupakan campuran 16 isolat bakteri indigenus lahan gambut (Rhizobium,  Azotobacter, Azospirillum, dan bakteri pelarut fosfat) masing-masing empat isolat digunakan sebagai pupuk hayati untuk meningkatkan produksi tomat dalam inverted dan conventional gardening. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui peran potensial inokulan padat Azzofor-wd3 sebagai plant growth promoter dalam kondisi lingkungan ekstrim, khususnya pada lahan gambut. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Pusat Penelitian Biologi, LIPI,  dari Bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember 2011 Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 28 perlakuan penambahan media pupuk pada media tanam dengan tiga ulangan atau pot. Media dasar ialah gambut (50%) dan tambahan pupuk hayati (50%). Perlakuan tambahan media pupuk mencakup : (1) gambut sebagai kontrol, (2) sekam kotoran ayam, (3) kompos, (4) pasir halus, (5) kapur, (6) Azzofor-wd3, (7) sekam kotoran ayam + pasir halus, (8) sekam kotoran ayam + kapur, (9) sekam kotoran ayam + Azzofor-wd3, (10) kompos + pasir halus, (11) kompos + kapur, (12) kompos + Azzofor-wd3, (13) pasir halus + kapur, (14) pasir halus + Azzofor-wd3, (15) kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (16) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus, (17) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + kapur, (18) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + Azzofor-wd3, (19) sekam kotoran ayam + pasir halus + kapur, (20) sekam kotoran ayam + pasir halus + Azzofor-wd3, (21) sekam kotoran ayam + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (22) kompos + pasir halus + kapur, (23) kompos + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (24) pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (25) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus, (26) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus + Azzofor-wd3, (27) kompos + pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, dan (28) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi tomat tertinggi setelah 3 bulan ialah pada perlakukan media gambut + sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3 pada inverted dan conventional gardening, masing-masing sebesar 63,9 dan 65,9 g/pot.  Terdapat perbedaan pengaruh perlakukan yang nyata antara inverted dan conventional gardening dalam hal P-tersedia, populasi bakteri, dan aktivitas PME-ase. Namun demikian, tidak ada pengaruh perlakuan yang nyata terhadap produksi tomat antara inverted dan conventional gardening.  Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Azzofor-wd3 merupakan bakteri pendorong pertumbuhan tanaman yang potensial untuk tanaman tomat yang dibudidayakan pada lahan gambut.  Aplikasi jenis bakteri tersebut sangat bermanfaat dalam  pengayaan tanah gambut untuk pembudidayaan tanaman sayuran. <br /><br />ABSTRACT. Widawati, S, Sudiana, IM, Sukara, E, and Muharam, A 2012. The Technology of Tomato Plant Cultivation Through Inverted and Conventional Gardening Based on Utilization of Indigenous Bacteria. Azzofor-wd3 is a solid inoculant consisted of 16 peat indigenous bacteria isolates i.e. Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and PSB four isolates respectively were used as biofertilizers to stimulate tomato production on inverted and conventional gardening. An experiment was conducted at the Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences from January until December 2011. The research was aimed to determine the potential role of Azzofor-wd3 solid inoculant as a plant growth promoter in extremely environmental conditions. The treatments of growth media mixture were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The based media was peat for 50% of mixture. The treatments were the addition of biofertilizers with the same volume of the based media (50%). The treatments were (1) peat only as the control, (2) chicken dunk, (3) compost, (4) fine sand, (5) lime, (6) Azzofor-wd3 inoculant, (7) chicken dunk + fine sand, (8) chicken dunk + lime, (9) chicken dunk + Azzofor-wd3, (10) compost + fine sand, (11) compost + lime, (12) compost + Azzofor-wd3, (13) fine sand + lime, (14) fine sand + Azzofor-wd3, (15) lime + Azzofor-wd3, (16)  chicken dunk + compost + fine sand, (17) chicken dunk + compost + lime, (18) chicken dunk + compost + Azzofor-wd3, (19) chicken dunk + fine sand + lime, (20) chicken dunk + fine sand + Azzofor-wd3, (21) chicken dunk + lime + Azzofor-wd3, (22) compost + fine sand + lime, (23) compost + lime + Azzofor-wd3, (24) fine sand + lime + Azzofor-wd3, (25) Chicken dunk + compost + fine sand, (26) chicken dunk + compost + fine sand + Azzofor-wd3, (27) compost + fine sand + lime + Azzofor-wd3, and (28) chicken dunk + compost + fine sand + lime + Azzofor-wd3. The results showed that the highest production of  tomato in inverted gardening was 63.9 g/pot and in conventional gardening was 65.9 g/pot produced by the plants grown on peat + chicken dunk + compost + sand + lime + Azzofor wd3 inoculant, 3 months after planting. There was significant difference of available-P, bacterial population, and PME-ase activity in inverted and conventional gardening before and after fertilization, whereas there was no significant difference of  tomato yield between inverted and convensional gardening. It can be concluded that  Azzofor-wd3 is potential as a plant growth promoting bacteria for tomato plants grown in peat soil. The application of the bacteria is very helpful to enrich peat soil for growing  vegetable crops.<br /><br />

scholarly journals THE ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) ON CHILI (Capsicum annuum L.) AND CAYENNE (Capsicum frutescens L.) IN BOGOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Rudi Tomson Hutasoit ◽  
Hermanu Triwidodo ◽  
Rully Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Chilli Pepper ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Plant Samples ◽  
Scirtothrips Dorsalis ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Pepper Plants

The Abundance and Diversity of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) and Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Bogor. This research aimed to study the abundance and diversity of thrips on chili pepper and cayenne pepper plants. Observation of thrips was conducted on chili pepper and cayenne pepper in fourteen sites in four different locations in Bogor that are: Dramaga, Cibungbulang, Tenjolaya, and Cisarua. Thrips were collected from leaves and flowers from 10 plant samples that had been selected randomly. The thrips were identified and the number of thrips were calculated. The abundance of adults, nymphs, and total of thrips on the flowers of chili pepper was 0.39, 0.01, and 0.40 thrips/flower respectively. Meanwhile, the abundance of adults, nymphs, and total of thrips on the flowers of cayenne pepper was 0.36, 0.02, and 0.38 thrips/flower respectively. The abundance of adults, nymphs, and total of thrips on the leaves of chili pepper was 0.68, 0.12, and 0.81 thrips/twiq respectively. Meanwhile, the abundance of adults, nymphs, and total of thrips on the leaves of cayenne pepper was 0.47, 0.14, and 0.61 thrips/twiq respectively. Four species of thrips were found infesting flowers of chili pepper and cayenne pepper i. e. Thrips parvispinus, T. hawaiiensis, Scirtothrips dorsalis, and Haplothrips gowdeyi.  Species of T. parvispinus, T. hawaiiensis, S. dorsalis belong to suborder of Terebrantia family Thripidae, meanwhile H. gowdeyi belongs to suborder Tubulifera family Phlaeothripidae. T. parvispinus is the most dominant species found infesting flowers and leaves of the chilli pepper and cayenne pepper were 71% and 56 %.

scholarly journals Remediation of Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soil by Nano-Zero-Valent Iron in Combination with Biochar or Humic Acid and the Consequences for Plant Performance

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhuan Sun ◽  
Fangyuan Zheng ◽  
Wenjie Wang ◽  
Shuwu Zhang ◽  
Fayuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Nano Zero Valent Iron

Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is among the most common nanoparticles widely used for the treatment of various environmental contaminants. However, little is known about the combined effects of nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) and other soil amendments on soil remediation and plant performance. For the first time, we studied the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil using bare nZVI (B-nZVI) and starch-supported nZVI (S-nZVI) in combination with either biochar (BC) or humic acid (HA), and the consequent effects on plant growth and Cr accumulation. Both S-nZVI and B-nZVI decreased the contents of Cr(VI) and available Cr in soil, but increased available Fe content, with S-nZVI generally showing more pronounced effects at a higher dose (1000 mg/kg). B-nZVI exerted no inhibition and even stimulation on plant growth, but 1000 mg/kg S-nZVI produced significant phytotoxicity, resulting in decreased plant growth, low chlorophyll content in leaves, and excessive accumulation of Fe in roots. Each nZVI decreased shoot and root Cr concentrations. BC and HA produced synergistic effects with nZVI on Cr(VI) removal from soil, but HA decreased soil pH and increased the availability of Cr and Fe, implying a potential environmental risk. Addition of BC or HA did not alter the effects of either nZVI on plant growth. In conclusion, combined application of 100 mg/kg nZVI and BC could be an ideal strategy for the remediation of soil contaminated with Cr(VI), whereas high-dose S-nZVI and HA are not recommended in the remediation of agricultural soils for crop production or in the phytostabilization of Cr(VI).

Promoting pepper (Capsicum annuum) photosynthesis via chloroplast ultrastructure and enzyme activities by optimising the ammonium to nitrate ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Jianming Xie ◽  
Yantai Gan ◽  
Jeffrey A. Coulter ◽  
Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Chloroplast Ultrastructure ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Chilli Pepper ◽  
N Assimilation

Optimal plant growth in many species is achieved when the two major forms of N are supplied at a particular ratio. In this pot experiment, the effects of five different ammonium:nitrate ratios (ANRs) (0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75, 37.5:62.5, and 50:50) on photosynthesis efficiency in chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were evaluated. The results showed that an ANR of 25:75 increased the contents of chl a, leaf area and dry matter, whereas chl b content was not affected by the ANRs. Regarding chlorophyll fluorescence, an ANR of 25:75 also enhanced the actual photochemical efficiency, photochemical quenching and maximum photosynthetic rate. However, the 0:100 and 50:50 ANRs resulted in higher values for nonphotochemical quenching. An inhibition of maximal photochemical efficiency was found when 50% NH4+ was supplied at the later stage of plant growth. The addition of 25% or 37.5% NH4+ was beneficial for gas exchange parameters and the 25% NH4+ optimised the thylakoid of chloroplasts. Compared with nitrate alone, 12.5–50% NH4+ upregulated glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), the large subunit and the small subunit of Rubisco. It can be concluded that the 25:75 ANR accelerated N assimilation through active GDH, which provides a material basis for chloroplast and Rubisco formation, resulting in the increased photosynthetic rate and enhanced growth in chilli pepper.

scholarly journals Humic Acid-Oxidizing, Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria in Agricultural Soils

mBio ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ian Van Trump ◽  
Kelly C. Wrighton ◽  
J. Cameron Thrash ◽  
Karrie A. Weber ◽  
Gary L. Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Soil Systems

ABSTRACTThis study demonstrates the prevalence, phylogenetic diversity, and physiology of nitrate-reducing microorganisms capable of utilizing reduced humic acids (HA) as electron donors in agricultural soils. Most probable number (MPN) enumeration of agricultural soils revealed large populations (104to 106 cells g−1soil) of microorganisms capable of reducing nitrate while oxidizing the reduced HA analog 2,6-anthrahydroquinone disulfonate (AH2DS) to its corresponding quinone. Nitrate-dependent HA-oxidizing organisms isolated from agricultural soils were phylogenetically diverse and included members of theAlphaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteria, andGammaproteobacteria. Advective up-flow columns inoculated with corn plot soil and amended with reduced HA and nitrate supported both HA oxidation and enhanced nitrate reduction relative to no-donor or oxidized HA controls. The additional electron donating capacity of reduced HA could reasonably be attributed to the oxidation of reduced functional groups. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene-based high-density oligonucleotide microarray (PhyloChip) indicated that reduced HA columns supported the development of a bacterial community enriched with members of theAcidobacteria,Firmicutes, andBetaproteobacteriarelative to the no-donor control and initial inoculum. This study identifies a previously unrecognized role for HA in stimulating denitrification processes in saturated soil systems. Furthermore, this study indicates that reduced humic acids impact soil geochemistry and the indigenous bacterial community composition.IMPORTANCEThis study identifies a new metabolic capacity in soil microbial communities that may be responsible for the mediation of significant nitrogen losses from soil systems. Nitrate-dependent humic acid (HA)-oxidizing organisms isolated from agricultural soils were phylogenetically diverse and included members ofAlphaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteria, andGammaproteobacteria. Advective up-flow columns inoculated with corn plot soil and amended with reduced HA and nitrate supported both HA oxidation and enhanced nitrate reduction relative to no-donor or oxidized HA controls. The additional electron donating capacity of reduced HA could reasonably be attributed to the oxidation of reduced functional groups.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Responses of Three Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Varieties against Pepper veinal mottle virus

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Léon W. Nitiema ◽  
Pierre A. E. D. Sombié
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pepper Veinal Mottle Virus ◽  
Significant Difference

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the changes in antioxidant activity and protein content between non-infected and infected leaves of three Capsicum annuum varieties against Pepper veinal mottle virus. Materials and Methods: Pepper veinal mottle virus isolated from infected pepper plants was inoculated to three healthy varieties of pepper (Pepper Narval, Yolo Wonder and Chili pepper) by gently rubbing on the leaves of 14-day-old seedlings. Control peppers of each variety were treated in the same way with distilled water. The infection of inoculated plants was confirmed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Control and infected leaves were collected 21 days after inoculation (when symptoms manifested) and used for biochemical analyses. Change in different biochemical parameters (catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and protein) in infected pepper plant was observed compared to control non-infected ones. Results: Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were increased in Pepper Narval and Pepper Yolo Wonder infected leaves compared to non-infected, while a significant decrease was observed in infected Chili pepper compared to control. Higher malondialdehyde content was found in Pepper Yolo Wonder and Chili pepper infected leaves (P < 0.05) than control while a non-significant difference was shown between the infected and non-infected of Pepper Narval variety (P > 0.05). Infected Chili pepper showed high protein content compared to control (P < 0.05). An opposite trend was observed in pepper Narval and Yolo Wonder varieties (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Pepper veinal mottle virus infection induces changes in antioxidant enzymes activities, malondialdehyde and total protein levels. These biochemical components were greatly expressed differentially between Pepper veinal mottle virus infected and non-infected in Pepper Yolo Wonder variety. Further studies with more biochemical parameters may contribute to improve the pepper tolerance mechanism to Pepper veinal mottle virus in a breeding program.

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