scholarly journals Reservas naturais e desenvolvimento regional sustentável: o exemplo do parque nacional da Floresta da Baviera na Alemanha (“Bayerischer Wald”)

GeoTextos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eberhard Rothfuss ◽  
Veronika Deffner
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Biosphere Reserves ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
Natural Parks ◽  
Bavarian Forest ◽  
Sustainable Regional Development

Este artigo faz uma observação conceitual, prática e teórica, do desenvolvimento regional sustentável no contexto de reservas naturais. Dentro do debate internacional sobre a sustentabilidade, percebemos que as reservas naturais com caráter integrativo têm ganho um papel cada vez mais importante. Na Alemanha, existem três categorias diferentes, sendo elas parque natural, reserva de biosfera e parque nacional. O ponto forte da Europa são suas áreas protegidas. Os últimos debates científicos demonstram como, neste processo, pensar “dentro e com o mundo” vem ocupando mais e mais o lugar da reflexão ecológica. Isto influencia na formulação de uma sustentabilidade estritamente focada na natureza, que se aplica especialmente aos parques nacionais da Alemanha. Através de um estudo empírico sobre o parque nacional Floresta da Baviera são demonstradas as possibilidades e os limites das estratégias de desenvolvimento integrativo para os parques nacionais, contrapondo os diversos interesses aos seus princípios contrários econômicos e de proteção. Perspectivas construtivistas geram muitas vezes conflitos e tensões, que só podem ser reduzidos através de um verdadeiro diálogo que integre os diversos interesses. Sob a tese da chamada “mudança bloqueada” irão ser reveladas as bases sociológicas deste bloqueio. Abstract EXTENSIVE PROTECTED AREAS AND SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF THE BAVARIAN FOREST NATIONAL PARK This paper focuses on some conceptional, practical and theoretical reflections on sustainable regional development in the context of extensive protected areas. It will be shown that in the course of the global debate on sustainability, protected areas with an integrative character are getting more and more significant. Three different categories of protected areas exist in Germany: natural parks, biosphere reserves and national parks. Transfrontier protected areas are the strength of Europe. The latest scientific discourse shows that in place of an unsophisticated way of thinking about ecology, a new kind of thinking trying to overcome the dichotomy of nature and culture is more and more attracting the notice. This change of perception has a deep impact on a purely nature-oriented sustainability, which especially applies to national parks in Germany. On the basis of an empirical study of the Bavarian Forest National Park, the opportunities and limits of integrative development strategies are identified by opposing the different interests of the affected actors and their contrary logic of economy and protection. It will be pointed out that the diverse perceptions of the actors are deeply constructivist and generate profound areas of conflict. These arising conflicts can just be minimised by an equal dialogue to solve the divergent interests. By elaborating the thesis of a “blocked change”, a socio-critical perspective is drawn on this blockade.

scholarly journals Tourism management in national parks: Šumava and Bayerischer Wald (Bavarian Forest) in the Czech-German borderland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2213-2239
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
National Park ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Hiking Trails ◽  
Bavarian Forest ◽  
Tourism Organization ◽  
Geographical Space

AbstractAlong the Czech-German border there are four national parks, two Czech and two German, arranged in cross-border ‘pairs’. This article focuses on the southern ‘pair’ formed by the parks of Šumava and Bayerischer Wald (Bavarian Forest). The aim is to evaluate and compare tourism organization in their areas, taking into account selected aspects of management: the network of hiking trails with its related infrastructure, transport accessibility, a typology of tourist centers, as well as directions and destinations of tourist movements. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the availability of geographical space for tourists is much greater in the German than in the Czech national park, and the tourism infrastructure is clearly more extensive there, including the network of tourist trails. This is mainly due to the longer and fairly uninterrupted development of tourism in this area. Šumava National Park can be identified as a model in terms of how to adjust the directions of tourist movements and the layout of the tourist trail network to the needs of natural environment. On the basis of observations in both national parks, it is possible to indicate various solutions that, after appropriate adaptation, may bring benefits to other protected areas.

scholarly journals Termite (Insecta, Isoptera) fauna from natural parks of the northeast region of Argentina

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Rafael Laffont ◽  
Gladys Josefina Torales ◽  
Juan Manuel Coronel ◽  
Manuel Osvaldo Arbino ◽  
María Celina Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Termite Species ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Insect Biodiversity ◽  
Natural Parks ◽  
The Family

The knowledge of insect biodiversity in natural areas of Argentina is limited, and termites are among the understudied taxa. In order to assess the diversity of Isoptera in some protected areas of the country, termite sampling within three National Parks of the Northeast region of Argentina was developed during 1995-1999. The results presented in this paper correspond to the Chaco National Park (Province of Chaco), Iguassu National Park (Province of Misiones) and Mburucuya National Park (Province of Corrientes). Among the four termite families recorded from Argentina, the family Termitidae was the best represented at the three sampled areas. The recorded genera (15) were: Rugitermes Holmgren and Tauritermes Krishna (Kalotermitidae), Heterotermes Frogatt (Rhinotermitidae), Cornitermes Wasmann, Cortaritermes Mathews, Diversitermes Holmgren, Nasutitermes Dudley, Velocitermes Holmgren (Nasutitermitinae), Amitermes Silvestri, Microcerotermes Silvestri, Neocapritermes Holmgren, Termes Linné (Termitinae), Anoplotermes Müller, Aparatermes Fontes and Ruptitermes Mathews (Apicotermitinae) (Termitidae). None of the collected termite species was common to the three National Parks, and only four of them were detected at two of the reserves. Due to the particular assemblage of termites found at each park, these three natural protected areas could be considered important reserves for the conservation of the termite fauna from the Northeast region of Argentina.

scholarly journals Protected area management in a post-natural world: negotiated governance at the Danish Wadden Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cormac Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Wadden Sea ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Protected Area Management ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Large Protected Areas ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractNational parks and other large protected areas play an increasingly important role in the context of global social and environmental challenges. Nevertheless, they continue to be rooted in local places and cannot be separated out from their socio-cultural and historical context. Protected areas furthermore are increasingly understood to constitute critical sites of struggle whereby the very meanings of nature, landscape, and nature-society relations are up for debate. This paper examines governance arrangements and discursive practices pertaining to the management of the Danish Wadden Sea National Park and reflects on the relationship between pluralist institutional structures and pluralist, relational understandings of nature and landscape.

scholarly journals Assessing the Need for Ecotourism Cluster Establishment in Georgia: Ways to Increase the Country’s Competitiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Khakhishvili
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Cluster Development ◽  
Wine Tourism ◽  
Natural Monument ◽  
Strong Cluster ◽  
Different Parts

Georgia is famous for wine, hospitality, culture, and history at the international level. Before now, tourism in Georgia was only related to wine tourism and sea resorts, but in recent years, the country is positioning itself as an emerging destination for adventurous tourism. Industry potential is not fully utilized and it has more hidden possibilities to attract more visitors. This paper focuses on assessing the need for ecotourism cluster establishment in Georgia. In fulfilling this objective, a survey was conducted. Questionnaires were distributed to ecotourism service providers of the country. 54 managers of national parks and other protected areas (Lagodekhi Protected Areas, Kazbegi National Park, Martvili Canyon Natural Monument, Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park and Machakhela National Park) were chosen for the survey. The selected respondents are the managers of the most popular ecotourism destinations among Georgian and foreign ecoturists. Due to the various locations in different parts of Georgia, it took about two weeks to conduct the survey. The results of the survey showed that ecotourism industry representatives agree on the need of cluster establishment for more development of the field. The paper also demonstrated that building promising ecotourism industry through strong cluster development is directly related to increasing the country’s competitiveness.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and hypothetical transmission cycles of Trichinella infections in the Greater Kruger National Park of South Africa: an example of host-parasite interactions in an environment with minimal human interactions

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Louis J. La Grange ◽  
Samson Mukaratirwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Transmission Cycles ◽  
Sub Saharan

Knowledge on the epidemiology, host range and transmission of Trichinella spp. infections in different ecological zones in southern Africa including areas of wildlife-human interface is limited. The majority of reports on Trichinella infections in sub-Saharan Africa were from wildlife resident in protected areas. Elucidation of the epidemiology of the infections and the prediction of hosts involved in the sylvatic cycles within specific ecological niches is critical. Of recent, there have been reports of Trichinella infections in several wildlife species within the Greater Kruger National Park (GKNP) of South Africa, which has prompted the revision and update of published hypothetical transmission cycles including the hypothetical options based previously on the biology and feeding behaviour of wildlife hosts confined to the GKNP. Using data gathered from surveillance studies and reports spanning the period 1964–2019, confirmed transmission cycles and revised hypothesized transmission cycles of three known Trichinella species (T. zimbabwensis, Trichinella T8 and T. nelsoni) are presented. These were formulated based on the epidemiological factors, feeding habits of hosts and prevalence data gathered from the GKNP. We presume that the formulated sylvatic cycles may be extrapolated to similar national parks and wildlife protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa where the same host and parasite species are known to occur. The anecdotal nature of some of the presented data confirms the need for more intense epidemiological surveillance in national parks and wildlife protected areas in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa to unravel the epidemiology of Trichinella infections in these unique and diverse protected landscapes.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a confinement strategy for reducing campsite impacts in Shenandoah National Park

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT E. REID ◽  
JEFFREY L. MARION
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Shenandoah National Park ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Selection Of

The expansion and proliferation of backcountry campsites is a persistent problem in many parks and protected areas. Shenandoah National Park (SNP) has one of the highest backcountry overnight use densities in the USA national parks system. SNP managers implemented a multi-option backcountry camping policy in 2000 that included camping containment with established campsites. These actions were intended to reduce the number of campsites and the area of camping disturbance at each site. This paper describes a longitudinal adaptive management assessment of the new campsite policies, applying quantitative measures of campsite conditions to evaluate the efficacy of management interventions. Physical campsite measurements combined with qualitative visitor interviews indicated SNP had successfully reduced the number of campsites and aggregate measures of camping-related disturbance in the Park, while minimizing the use of regulations, site facilities and staff resources. Implications for managers of other protected areas are that an established site camping policy can minimize camping disturbance, including the number and size of campsites, provided managers can sustain rehabilitation efforts to close and restore unneeded campsites. Experiential attributes, such as the potential for solitude, can also be manipulated through control over the selection of established campsites. Integrating resource and social science methods also provided a more holistic perspective on management policy assessments. Adaptive management research provided a timely evaluation of management success while facilitating effective modifications in response to unforeseen challenges. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of a visitor impact containment strategy involving an established site camping option are offered.

scholarly journals Mass tourism in protected areas – underestimated threat? Polish National Parks case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1046-1060
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Widawski ◽  
Zdzisław Jary
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
Table Mountains ◽  
Tourist Flow

Abstract The article considers the tourist traffic as possible to elements of inanimate nature in protected areas. The highest form of protection in Poland - national parks, has been taken into account. The main goal is to diagnose the situation based on the analysis of official documents elaborated by the national park authorities. One of the important elements is to diagnose the threat to nature and indicate ways to neutralize it. At the beginning, the geotouristic potential of these parks was presented, where this type of resources is considered important from the point of view of tourism. The tourist function of the most important attractions in Poland was indicated. In the top ten there are as many as 4 national parks, including Tatrzański which takes first place. The size of tourist traffic in all 23 parks was analyzed. As a result, it was shown that the most popular, where tourist flow is of mass character, include mountain parks with significant geotouristic potential. Next, the current protection plans for them were analyzed: Tatrzański, Karkonoski, Table Mountains and Pieniński, where the annual tourist flow varies between 0.5 million and almost 4 million visitors per year. Threats were assigned to 4 groups: existing internal threats, potential internal threats, existing external threats and potential external threats. In each of the types of threats special attention was paid to those related to inanimate nature. It also indicated the ways in which park managers want to influence the change of negative trends. The basic conclusion was indicated, which boils down to the postulate of a balanced approach to the protection of both types of nature: animate and inanimate. In the case of animate nature, threats and suggestions for improving the situation seem to be much better diagnosed than in the case of inanimate nature.

scholarly journals SPATIOTEMPORAL CHANGE ANALYSIS OF THE PROTECTED AREAS: A CASE STUDY – İĞNEADA FLOODPLAIN FORESTS

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B3-2021 ◽  
pp. 735-740
Author(s):  
M. Toker ◽  
E. Çolak ◽  
F. Sunar
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Floodplain Forests ◽  
Landsat Satellite ◽  
Time Series Images ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Protected areas are important with land or water body ecosystems that have biodiversity, flora and fauna species. In Turkey, National Parks are one of the protected areas managed according to the National Parks Law No. 2873. Among them, the İğneada Floodplain Forests National Park, located in İğneada town in the province of Kırklareli, Turkey has been declared as a national park in 2007, and has an importance being a rare ecosystem, which consists of wetland, swamp, lakes and coastal sand dunes. Planning of Protected Areas can be done in a variety of ways, taking into account the balance of protection/use and should follow policies and guidelines. Today, for the sustainability and effective management of forest ecosystems, remote sensing technology provides an effective tool for assessing and monitoring ecosystem health at different temporal and spatial scales. In this study, potential temporal changes in the National Park were analyzed with Landsat satellite time series images using two different methods. First method, the Landtrendr algorithm (Landsat-based Detection of Trends in Disturbance and Recovery) developed for multitemporal satellite data, uses pixel values as input data and analysis them by using regression models to capture, label and map the changes. In this context, Landsat satellite time series images were taken quinquennial between 1987 and 2007 and biennially until 2017 for Landtrendr analysis (i.e. before and after its declaration as a National Park, respectively). As a second approach, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-based platform, which facilitates access to high-performance computing resources to process large long-term data sets, was used to analyze the impact of land cover changes. The results showed that the area was subjected to various pressures (i.e. due to illegal felling, pollution, etc.) until it was declared as a National park. Although there was general improvement and recovery after the region declared as a Park, it was seen that the sensitive dynamics of the region require continuous monitoring and protection using geo-information technologies.

scholarly journals Ecotourism, Income Generation and Poverty Reduction: A Case of Kuala Tahan National Park (KTNP), Pahang, Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Mukrimah A. ◽  
Mohd Parid M. ◽  
Motoe M. ◽  
Lim HF
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Household Income ◽  
National Park ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Monthly Household Income ◽  
Income Sources

Ecotourism is one strategy for supporting conservation, generating income, and creating employment for communities living around protected areas. In Malaysia, the management of national parks (protected areas) focuses on the planning and implementation of various activities which contribute to the long-term conservation of the areas while mitigating or reducing conflicts between human and the environment. The issue is whether ecotourism development helps to improve income and reduce rural poverty. A case study was conducted in 2014 where 158 Malay households from Kampung Kuala Tahan were interviewed. Villagers engaged in economic activities related to ecotourism development in Kuala Tahan National Park (KTNP) area (2,477 sq. km) directly and indirectly. The result shows the average monthly household income of this village was RM4, 035. On the whole, about 90% of the average monthly household income was cash income while 10% income in kind. The income sources of villagers were from those within the state land forest areas (related to NTFP harvesting), and outside KTNP (related to forestry and ecotourism). Income generated outside KTNP(related to forestry and ecotourism) area was significantly high compared to those within state land forest and outside KTNP (non-forestry). On average, about RM1, 895 or 47% of the average monthly household income was generated from the ecotourism related activities and forest area. The highest percentage of cash income was from villagers’ engagement as tour guides. Income generated from this source accounted for 13% of household income. Ecotourism related retail stores or restaurant operators also significantly contributed to the average monthly household income at 10%. The incidence of poverty among the households in the village was 4% in 2014 compared to 3.4% among rural Malaysian households in 2012. The findings in this study showed that the income received from forestry related activities and ecotourism is important in reducing poverty among local households.

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