scholarly journals Resistência e identidade no urbano: a black music dita os passos e a apropriação do espaço no Quarteirão do Soul em Belo Horizonte

GeoTextos ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Aparecida da Conceição Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Black Music ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
De Se ◽  
The Common ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
The City

O crescimento urbano, associado ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, atribui outros sentidos para a cidade e novos de sociabilidade. Estes, muitas vezes, se constituem a partir da fruição de produtos midiáticos. Assim, vemos surgir espaços que se transformam pela apropriação de grupos identificados com determinados produtos culturais. Este trabalho busca investigar, a partir das manifestações ligadas aos produtos da mídia, como as diversas identidades se constituem no espaço urbano e como estas influenciam na apropriação e nos novos usos deste espaço. Nossa abordagem tem como objeto empírico as manifestações ligadas à black music, mais especificamente ao Quarteirão do Soul, movimento que acontece nas tardes de sábado na região central de Belo Horizonte. O Quarteirão do Soul surgiu como uma forma de se reencontrarem os amigos que frequentavam os chamados bailes black no centro da cidade nos anos 1970 e que, com o passar dos anos, foram sendo expurgados para a periferia da cidade. Tal manifestação constitui uma forma de resistência, pois os participantes do Quarteirão do Soul se apropriaram do local mesmo sem o aval da prefeitura, e também caracteriza-se pela afirmação da identidade de seus participantes, que se espelham no discurso de igualdade pregado pelo movimento soul representado principalmente pela figura do cantor James Brown. Abstract DEFIANCE AND IDENTIFY IN THE URBAN CONTEXT: BLACK MUSIC SETS THE TONE AND CONQUERS SPACE IN THE QUARTEIRÃO DO SOUL IN BELO HORIZONTE Urban growth, associated with technologic development, assigns new meanings to cities; new influences are delineated and create different parameters of sociability. Such parameters, many times constitute themselves from the flow of media products. Therefore, in Belo Horizonte, we see new spaces being formed or the same old locations transforming themselves thorough the appropriation of groups formed by the common taste for specific cultural products. This work intends to investigate, based on the manifestations connected with media products, how different identities establish themselves in the urban space and how they influence the appropriation and new uses ascribed to the space. Our approach has as an empirical object the manifestations linked with black music, most specifically to the Quarteirão do Soul, an event that takes place on saturday afternoons in the central region of Belo Horizonte. The Quarteirão do Soul was born as a form of reconnecting with friends that frequented the so called black parties in the center of the city in the 70s, and that, with the years were obliterated to the suburbs. This manifestation constitutes a form of resistance, because its participants appropriate themselves of the place without the clearance from the mayor’s office and it characterizes itself by the affirmation of the identity of its attendees, which mirror themselves in the discourse of equality preached by the soul movement represented primarily by the figure of the singer James Brown.

scholarly journals Belo Horizonte para quem? Versões territoriais negras para um espaço planejadamente branco

GeoTextos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Martins Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Racial Democracy ◽  
De Se ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
The City

No presente artigo busco discutir outras possibilidades para pensarmos a cidade, de maneira a problematizar os discursos e práticas que negam as contradições e os conflitos presentes em tal espaço, como aqueles relacionados à raça/etnia. Aponto que muitos dos mecanismos e práticas envolvidos no processo de produção do espaço urbano impregnam-se de perspectivas marcadamente eugenista e higienista. Com este olhar e por meio de um discurso de uma suposta democracia racial presente na cidade são estabelecidas estratégias que reforçam a exclusão de negros/ as das dinâmicas socioespaciais urbanas. Não se considera, portanto, os territórios em que este grupo étnico-racial formula outras cartografias urbanas na tentativa de se buscar a revalorização de suas manifestações culturais e identitárias. Porém, as coletividades negras estão forjando contradiscursos que possam ressignificar seus lugares e papéis na sociedade. As discussões aqui apresentadas têm como foco Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais e se estabelecem a partir da comunidade quilombola Manzo Ngunzo Kaiango, localizada na referida cidade. Abstract BELO HORIZONTE FOR WHOM? BLACK VERSIONS TERRITORIAL FOR A WHITE SPACE PLANNED CAREFULLY In this article I discuss other possibilities for thinking the city in order to problematize the discourses and practices that deny these contradictions and conflicts in such space, such as those related to race/ethnicity. I point out that many of the practices and mechanisms involved in the production of urban space permeate is markedly prospects hygienist and eugenicist. With this and look through a discourse of a supposed racial democracy in this city are established strategies that reinforce the exclusion of blacks the socio-spatial dynamics of urban. There is therefore considers the territories in which this ethnic-racial group makes other urban cartography in an attempt to seek revaluation of their cultural and identity. However, the black communities are forging counter-discourses that might reframe their places and roles in society. The discussions presented here focuses Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais and settle from the community quilombola Manzo Ngunzo Kaiango located in that city.

scholarly journals Porto Alegre: a perdida cidade una (Fragmentos de modernidade e exclusão social no Sul do Brasil)

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio Pereira Elmir
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
De Se ◽  
Brazilian History ◽  
The City

O texto compreende uma discussão sobre o processo de modernização na cidade de Porto Alegre em vários momentos de sua história, articulando as transformações e modificações havidas no espaço urbano com uma paralela segregação social operada e/ou desejada na cidade. São recolhidos vários exemplos para demonstrar a vontade de se construir uma “cidade una”, na qual não se admite o convívio com os indesejados sociais. A combinação modernização/exclusão social, tantas vezes já abordada em diversos estudos da historiografia brasileira, encontra neste artigo mais um exercício de aproximação, a partir do qual pode-se vislumbrar momentos distintos – sem traçar uma linha de continuidade – desta operação específica da modernidade. Abstract The text discusses the process of modernization in the city of Porto Alegre during various moments of its history, debating both transformations and modifications in the city’s urban space along with a social segregation that was either going on or being wished for at that time. Many exemples are given so as to demonstrate the desire to build a “united city” in which those who were socially unwished were not allowed. The combination of modernization with social exclusion, so often discussed in many other studies of Brazilian history, is shown in this article as another approach to the issue of modernization with its distinct moments. Palavras-chave: Rio Grande do Sul. Séculos XIX e XX. Identidade. Key words: Rio Grande do Sul. XIX & XX centuries. Identity.

scholarly journals Estrangeirismos na cidade: inventando o comum em zonas urbanas fronteiriças / Estrangement in the city: inventing the common in urban fringe zones

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Alice Vignoli Reis ◽  
Mônica Botelho Alvim
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Social Organizations ◽  
De Se ◽  
The Common ◽  
The City

ResumoNossas cidades sãofortemente marcadas por processos de segregação socioespacial que as dividem em territórios  estrangeiros, cada qual com seu universo cultural próprio. Essesestrangeirismos frequentemente colocam desafios às práticas de extensão universitária, ou outras práticas de pesquisa e trabalho que colocam em contato distintos universos culturais. Apartir da experiência de se sentir estrangeira na Favela da Mangueira, que se deu no âmbito de um projeto de extensão universitária vinculado ao Instituto de Psicologia da UFRJ,pretendemos traçar uma reflexão sobre como delimitam-seessas fronteiras urbanas e sobre as possibilidades de invenção do comum em uma cidade dividida, colocando em diálogo nossas experiências no campo com as elaborações de autores da fenomenologia, filosofia política, história, arte e urbanismo. Buscamos colaborar, desta forma, com aqueles que atuam emprojetos de pesquisa-intervenção, extensão universitária, movimentos sociais, ONGs e outras formas de organização social que trabalhem em zonas fronteiriças dentro da cidade.Palavras-chave: Segregação Urbana; Produção do Comum; Estética; Política; Pesquisa-Intervenção.AbstractOur cities are keenly characterized by processes of socio-spatial segregation which divide them into estranged territories, each with its own cultural universe. Such estrangements areoften challenging to university extension practices, as wellas to other work and research practices which foster contact between different cultural universes. Based on our experience of‘feeling like a foreigner’ in the Favela da Mangueira during a university extension project associated with the Institute of Psychology of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, we offer a reflection on how urban partitions arise and how we can invent the common in a divided city. We look to make our experiences in the field conversant with the works of authors from different areas, such as phenomenology, political philosophy, history, art and urbanism. Thus, we seek to collaborate with other researchers who direct research-intervention projects, university extension, social movements, NGOs and other types of social organizations working in urban fringe zones.Keywords: Urban Segregation; Production of the Common; Aesthetics; Politics; Research-Intervention.

scholarly journals Student Homelessness: Sheltering Our Future: An Adaptable Approach to Underutilised City Spaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Caryl Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Homeless Population ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
The City

<p>The increasing housing demands from population growth creates a persistent housing shortage and unaffordability in our cities. Students are one demographic that is dramatically affected as they move closer to their education provider for study. The student influx at the start of the semester creates a large demand in the already inadequate housing market. Students with a limited budget have reduced accommodation options and this consequently drives many into a state of homelessness. A study from University of Otago measures that over a quarter of New Zealand’s homeless population are students (Amore, 2016). This considerable number of students are living in cars, tents, couch-surfing and sleeping rough for weeks during their studies. The desperate situation impinges on the student’s health and well-being and thus their academic performance.  In this context, the scope of this research focuses on the requirements of homeless tertiary students in the urban setting. Their vulnerability, insecurity and distress are explored to provide direction to solutions that will alleviate the existing problems of their insufficient living environments. As proximity to the education providers and amenities are key factors, this thesis examines underutilised and leftover spaces within the city as opportunities for inhabitation, and to create efficient use of urban space. Currently, there are successful examples of activating overlooked laneways into vibrant spaces. However, these transformations rely on the activities in the lane and the interventions are largely landscaping and installations. By investigating the successful regeneration of previously undesirable and neglected spaces through architectural re-imagination, this thesis identify laneways to be a potential site to the urgent need for shelters.  The architectural experiments and design development are informed by the combination of site challenges and programme to form an overall design-led research. The thesis tests how temporary modular design has a significant role in the design of economic and adaptable solutions for the increasing issue of homelessness. This establishes that through a critical design, we may shelter those in desperate need within the urban context. The architecture provides a safe environment that is empathetic to its users and the larger urban scale while also creating a statement and awareness to homelessness. The thesis concludes with the design framework for a single test site and assesses its suitability for future application to other leftover spaces in the city.</p>

scholarly journals Emerging Biophilic Urbanism: The Value of the Human–Nature Relationship in the Urban Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Totaforti
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Sociology ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Biophilic Design ◽  
The Future ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The research presented in this article adopts an urban sociology perspective to explore the relationship between spaces designed with biophilic principles and people’s pro-environmental values and behaviors. The research hypothesized that biophilic design and planning promote connectedness with nature and are positively related to pro-environmental and more sustainable values and behaviors. The contemporary city asserts the need for new paradigms and conceptual frameworks for reconfiguring the relationship between the urban environment and the natural environment. In order to understand whether biophilic design, planning, and policies can meet the global challenges regarding the future existence on earth of humans, focus groups were conducted to investigate how people’s relationship with the built-up space and the natural landscape is perceived, and to what extent the inclusion of nature and its patterns at various levels of urban planning meets people’s expectations. The results suggest that biophilic design and planning can be considered a useful paradigm to deal with the challenges that are posed by the city of the future, also in terms of sustainability, by reinterpreting and enhancing the human–nature relation in the urban context.

scholarly journals An attempt of creating new museum narratives by the example of the exhibition project «Shevchenko by the urban tongue»

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-123
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Zubar ◽  
◽  
Oleh Mahdych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Public ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The City ◽  
Ukrainian Society

Taras Shevchenko is one of the most researched and discussed figures in Ukrainian society. In each historical period receptions and assessments around Shevchenko` personality differentiates, depending on the public circumstances or prevailing trends in humanitarian discourse. These perceptions swayed between positive and critical judgment. Authors identified several key perceptions of Shevchenko in Ukrainian public space, for instance, «national hero», «father of the nation», «poet», «revolutionary democrat». In their opinion, modern Ukraine still faces the search for Shevchenko` new image. New forms of public honour (commemoration) are being developed, including through museum exhibition projects. Authors also analyze the significance of the museum narrative expositions and exhibitions for the creation of new public images, giving the example of the exhibition project «Shevchenko by the urban tongue», which took place in the Taras Shevchenko national museum from November 4th to January 31th in 2021. Curators attempted to explore how personal experience in the city changed due to the process of urbanization from the XIX-th century and how the urban space influenced the shaping of the Taras Shevchenko figure. Specifically, in the XIX-th century, cities ultimately transformed into an environment, which created trends, emphases of the global public development that influenced Shevchenko, since exactly in the city he gained domestic freedom, profession and widened his social circle. The city gave him a sense of understanding of the culture, its influence and importance not only for consumer purposes or acceptance but also for the creation of new meanings. According to the authors, this approach allows us to better understand the significance of Taras Shevchenko, his connection to modern Ukrainian realities and world context.

scholarly journals Problemática Ambiental dos Rios Urbanos: Vulnerabilidades e Riscos nas Margens do Riacho da Prata na Cidade de Lajedo-PE (Environmental Problems of Urban Rivers: Vulnerabilities and Risks on the Banks of the Silver Creek in the City of Lajedo-PE)

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 488
Author(s):  
Julio César Félix da Silva ◽  
Clélio Cristiano dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Urban Rivers ◽  
De Se ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
The City

A produção do espaço urbano em bacias hidrográficas constitui a problemática ambiental dos rios urbanos, já que os rios são negados pela expansão da malha urbana na medida em que suas margens são ocupadas arbitrariamente. Trata-se de um tema de interesse para os pesquisadores que se dedicam ao estudo da urbanização, processo que quase sempre é marcado por sérios problemas ambientais. Diante desse contexto, a ideia desta pesquisa é analisar a problemática ambiental urbana decorrente da ocupação irregular das margens do Riacho da Prata, visando identificar sua origem, as áreas de vulnerabilidade socioambiental e os possíveis riscos ambientais para moradores ribeirinhos da cidade de Lajedo – PE. Esta pesquisa parte de um viés crítico dialético, através da pesquisa documental, bibliográfica, histórica e de campo. Ao final da pesquisa constatou-se que o Riacho da Prata foi negado pelo processo de crescimento urbano alavancado desde a década de 1960, e por isso se encontra sem vegetação ciliar, assoreado e poluído. Enquanto a população residente em suas margens, isto é, em áreas de risco ambiental, onde desenvolve diversas práticas sócio-espaciais que degradam o rio, e que ao mesmo tempo podem comprometê-las nos que se refere à saúde: são elas: criação de animais, crianças brincando nas margens do rio, acúmulo de lixo nas margens e/ou no leito do rio, dentre outras. Além disso, percebeu-se que as comunidades mais pobres são mais vulneráveis aos riscos ambientais, tanto pela escassez de infra-estrutura básica, como pela menor capacidade de se proteger contra algum desastre, como uma inundação.Palavras - chave: Problemática ambiental, Rios urbanos, Riacho da Prata, Vulnerabilidade, Risco Ambiental. Environmental Problems of Urban Rivers: Vulnerabilities and Risks on the Banks of the Silver Creek in the City of Lajedo-PE ABSTRACTThe production of urban space in watersheds is the environmental issue of urban rivers, as the rivers are denied by the expansion of the urban fabric in that its banks are occupied arbitrarily. This is a topic of interest to researchers who are dedicated to the study of urbanization, a process that is often marked by serious environmental problems. In this context, the idea of this research is to analyze the environmental problems caused by urban irregular occupation of the shores of Silver Creek, to identify their origin, areas of environmental vulnerability and potential environmental risks to residents bordering the city of Lajedo - PE. This research starts from a critical dialectical bias through desk research, literature, and historical field. At the end of the study it was found that the Silver Creek was denied by the process of urban growth leveraged since the 1960s, so it is no riparian vegetation, silted and polluted. While the resident population on its banks, that is, in areas of environmental risk, which develops various socio-spatial practices that degrade the river, and at the same time may compromise them in relation to health: they are: creating animals, children playing on the banks of the river, accumulation of garbage in the margins and / or in the riverbed, among others. Moreover, it was noticed that the poorest communities are more vulnerable to environmental risks, both by the lack of basic infrastructure, such as poorer ability to protect against a disaster, like a flood.Keywords: Environmental Issues, Urban Rivers, Silver Creek, Vulnerability, Environmental Risk.

scholarly journals Preserving the (right kind of) city: The urban politics of the middle classes in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 2163-2180
Author(s):  
Mara Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Politics ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

Since re-democratisation, Brazil has experienced a slow but continuous process of urban reform, with the introduction of legal and institutional developments that favour participatory democracy in urban policy. Legal innovations such as the City Statute have been celebrated for expanding the ‘right to the city’ to marginalised populations. While most studies examine the struggles of the urban poor, I focus on middle-class citizens, showing how such legal developments have unevenly affected the ways in which different social groups are able to impact the production of urban space. The two cases explored in this study concern residents’ struggles to preserve their middle-class neighbourhoods against change triggered by projects related to the hosting of the 2014 World Cup in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The first looks at the Musas Street residents’ fight against the construction of a luxury hotel in their neighbourhood, while the second examines the Pampulha residents’ struggle against the presence of street vendors and football fans in their streets. My findings show that through the articulation of legal discourses, middle-class claims on the need for preserving the environment and the city’s cultural heritage are legitimised by the actions of the local state. The article thus looks beyond neoliberalism, showing that socio-spatial segregation and inequality should not be regarded solely as the product of state–capital alliances for engendering capital accumulation through spatial restructuring, but also as the result of the uneven capacities of those living in the city to access the state resources and legitimise certain forms of inhabitance of urban space.

scholarly journals Crítica al registro de nuevas incorporaciones urbanas

UVserva ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
Lilly Areli Sánchez Correa ◽  
Ma Guadalupe Noemi Uehara Guerrero ◽  
Arturo Velázquez Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
The Common ◽  
Reliable Knowledge ◽  
Population Counts ◽  
The City

La expansión urbana, como uno de los tipos de crecimiento de la ciudad, es analizada a partir de las causas que originan diversas posibilidades de orientación y emplazamiento de la población, en función de sus capacidades socio económicas y preferencias en la selección del sitio para habitar. De esta forma, el espacio urbano dinamiza su configuración por la creación constante de unidades que se agregan a la ciudad inicial, ocupadas por población de diferentes estratos sociales pero con el común denominador de estar inmersos, en cualquiera de sus niveles, en la estructura económica urbana. En este sentido, se considera que el análisis del estado actual y el planteamiento de estrategias a futuro, requiere captar información cuantitativa del proceso de expansión generado, para entender al menos la dinámica urbana y tratar de ejercer un control sobre los ritmos y orientaciones de tal crecimiento. La propuesta planteada refiere a la formulación y sistematización de un registro de unidades propiciadas por expansión, a partir de hacer una lectura crítica reflexiva a la estadística demográfica oficial, cuyos intereses en los conteos de población -eficientes en sus fines- divergen del conocimiento fehaciente de las tendencias de expansión, al incrementar la población rural y desconocer el crecimiento urbano, mediante el conteo de unidades residenciales, ya sean fraccionamientos de interés social de alta densificación en proceso de ocupación o en otros casos, desarrollos inmobiliarios periurbanos habitados por  población urbana de altos ingresos y bajas densidades, registrando ambas realidades como localidades rurales. Criticism of the registration of new urban incorporationsUrban expansion, as one of the types of growth of the city, is analysed from the causes that deliver several possibilities of placement of the population, depending on its socio-economic level and preferences at choosing the place to live. In this way, urban space energizes its configuration by the constant creation of residential units that are added to the original city, occupied by populations of different social strata but with the common denominator of being immersed, at any of its levels, in the urban economic structure. In this sense, it is considered that the analysis of the current situation and the approach of future strategies, requires to capture quantitative information of the expansion process, in order to understand at least the urban dynamics and to try to exercise control over the rhythms and orientations of such growth. The proposal put forward concerns about the formulation and systematization of a register of units of expansion, from making a thoughtful critical reading to official demographic statistics, whose interests in population counts -altough efficient in their purposes- diverge from the reliable knowledge of the trends of expansion, by increasing the numbers of rural population and ignoring urban growth, by counting residential units, whether developments of social housing with high densification in the process of occupation or, in other cases, peri-urban real estate developments inhabited by urban population of high income and low densities, registering both realities as rural localities. Keywords: Urban expansion; demographic record; rural locations; fragmentation. 

scholarly journals Une ville vue par des étudiants en mobilité. Etude discursive de l’appropriation cognitive d’un nouvel espace urbain

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Marge Käsper ◽  
Anu Treikelder
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
City Space ◽  
The Common ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Local Inhabitant

The article explores how foreign students discover and experience the space of their hosting city, as reflected by their discourse about the common landmarks and places of the urban space. Our study concerns a specific social group that is in-between a local inhabitant and a tourist staying only a short time in a city – students in the situation of mobility. To study in what ways these students talk about the city, how they position themselves in respect of its space, adopting different viewpoints, we analyze, by a series of interviews conducted with them, how their discourse reveals the process of the appropriation of the hosting space. We examine first how the cognitive appropriation process of a city space is reflected in students’ discourse in general, in what elements it appears and also how it is constructed and developed during the interview. We focus then on the answers to the question concerning a postcard representing Tartu where the discourse of students reveals the best the in-between status of the foreign students, standing between an exterior observer and an “expert” of the city. The most explicit fluctuation between the viewpoints is reflected in personal pronouns use, the more implicit ways are observed in the ways of describing the places, and in the argumentations about the discussed postcard. Furthermore, we also point out the impact of the interview as a disposal for interviewed persons to think about these spatial relations for themselves and for their perception of space in general. 

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