Effects of Heat Treatment on Materials Used In Automobiles: A Case Study

Infilled reinforced concrete (IRC) frames are a very common construction typology, not only in developing countries such as Pakistan but also in southern Europe and Western countries, due to their ease of construction and less technical skills required for the construction. Their performance during past earthquakes has been in some cases satisfactory and in other cases inadequate. Significant effort has been made among researchers to improve such performance, but few have highlighted the influence of construction materials used in the infill walls. In some building codes, infills are still considered as non-structural elements, both in the design of new buildings and, sometimes, in the assessment of existing buildings. This is mainly due to some difficulties in modeling their mechanical behavior and also the large variety of typologies, which are difficult to categorize. Some building codes, for example, Eurocode, already address the influence of infill walls in design, but there is still a lack of homogeneity among different codes. For example, the Pakistan building code (PBC) does not address infills, despite being a common construction technique in the country. Past earthquake survey records show that construction materials and infill types significantly affect the seismic response of buildings, thus highlighting the importance of investigating such parameters. This is the object of this work, where a numerical model for infill walls is introduced, which aims at predicting their failure mode, as a function of some essential parameters, such as the friction coefficient between mortar and brick surface and mortar strength, usually disregarded in previous models. A comprehensive case study is presented of a three-story IRC frame located in the city of Mirpur, Pakistan, hit by an earthquake of magnitude 5.9 on 24 September 2019. The results obtained from the numerical model show good agreement with the damage patterns observed in situ, thus highlighting the importance of correctly modeling the infill walls when seismically designing or assessing Pakistani buildings that make use of this technology.

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Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Light Steel Framed Buildings with Cement-Based Walls and Floors

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122410686 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 10686

Author(s):

Mona Abouhamad ◽

Metwally Abu-Hamd

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Building Materials ◽

Simulation Software ◽

Life Cycle Assessment Methodology ◽

Building Information Model ◽

Building Information ◽

Cold Formed Steel ◽

Environmental Measures ◽

Materials Used

The objective of this paper is to apply the life cycle assessment methodology to assess the environmental impacts of light steel framed buildings fabricated from cold formed steel (CFS) sections. The assessment covers all phases over the life span of the building from material production, construction, use, and the end of building life, in addition to loads and benefits from reuse/recycling after building disposal. The life cycle inventory and environmental impact indicators are estimated using the Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings. The input data related to the building materials used are extracted from a building information model of the building while the operating energy in the use phase is calculated using an energy simulation software. The Athena Impact Estimator calculates the following mid-point environmental measures: global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential, human health potential, ozone depletion potential, smog potential, eutrophication potential, primary and non-renewable energy (PE) consumption, and fossil fuel consumption. The LCA assessment was applied to a case study of a university building. Results of the case study related to GWP and PE were as follows. The building foundations were responsible for 29% of the embodied GWP and 20% of the embodied PE, while the CFS skeleton was responsible for 30% of the embodied GWP and 49% of the embodied PE. The production stage was responsible for 90% of the embodied GWP and embodied PE. When benefits associated with recycling/reuse were included in the analysis according to Module D of EN 15978, the embodied GWP was reduced by 15.4% while the embodied PE was reduced by 6.22%. Compared with conventional construction systems, the CFS framing systems had much lower embodied GWP and PE.

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Successful disinfestations of sap-beetle contaminations from organically grown dates using heat treatment: A case study

Phytoparasitica ◽

10.1007/bf02981321 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 204-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Rafaeli ◽

M. Kostukovsky ◽

D. Carmeli

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Sap Beetle ◽

Organically Grown

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Manufacturing Plant Layout Improvement: Case study of a High-Temperature Heat Treatment Tooling Manufacturer in Northeast Indiana

Procedia Manufacturing ◽

10.1016/j.promfg.2021.06.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 24-31

Author(s):

Behin Elahi

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

High Temperature ◽

Manufacturing Plant ◽

Plant Layout ◽

High Temperature Heat Treatment ◽

Temperature Heat ◽

Temperature Heat Treatment

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Teaching playground behavioural expectations to secondary age students with intellectual disabilities attending a special school

Tizard Learning Disability Review ◽

10.1108/tldr-02-2021-0003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

David Simó-Pinatella ◽

Marisa Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Disabilities ◽

Secondary Students ◽

School Setting ◽

Special School ◽

Content Type ◽

Students With Intellectual Disabilities ◽

Special Education School ◽

Adults With Intellectual Disabilities ◽

Materials Used

Purpose School-wide positive behaviour support (SWPBS) is a proactive behavioural support system that fosters behaviour change in individuals in a school setting. This article aims to present a case example of teaching and reinforcing behavioural expectations in a special school. Design/methodology/approach This case study reflects different steps and materials used before and during the intervention in a special education school with 61 secondary students with intellectual disabilities. An AB design (A – baseline; B – intervention) was used to collect and analyze data. Findings Results suggest that teaching behavioural expectations as a universal measure may be feasible and positively impact school climate. Suggestions and recommendations for implementing SWPBS within a school are provided. Originality/value This case study provides a step-by-step guide illustrating the process of teaching and reinforcing behavioural playground expectations to young adults with intellectual disabilities attending a special school.

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Materiais Didáticos para Educação a Distância: Observando Layouts

EAD em FOCO ◽

10.18264/eadf.v6i1.362 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dorcas Janice Weber ◽

Lia Raquel Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Distance Education ◽

Educational Process ◽

Face To Face ◽

Effective Learning ◽

Educational Processes ◽

Materials Used ◽

Distance Courses ◽

Education Courses ◽

Training Opportunities

A inserção da educação a distância nos processos educativos formais apontou possibilidades de formação em nível superior para aqueles que estão distantes dos centros de formação e, para além disso, desvelou objetos de investigação. Um exemplo disso são os materiais didáticos, tão necessários para a efetivação da aprendizagem na modalidade a distância. A gama de materiais é grande e, por isso, é interessante conhecer o modo como eles vêm sendo desenvolvidos e utilizados por aquelas instituições que ofertam cursos nessa modalidade. É sabido que há necessidades distintas entre os alunos da educação a distância e os de cursos presenciais, que precisam estar contempladas nos materiais didáticos. Mas de fato estão? Considerando a organização do espaço de estudo como importante no processo pedagógico, como os espaços dos materiais didáticos vêm sendo organizados? Que elementos têm sido utilizados para o desenvolvimento de layouts para materiais didáticos utilizados em cursos a distância? Tais questões são tema deste escrito, que busca, a partir de um estudo de caso, observar materiais didáticos produzidos para cursos brasileiros a distância. Um olhar transversal sobre tais materiais aponta semelhanças com os produtos elaborados para a educação presencial, tão conhecida por muitos.Palavras-chave: Educação a distância; Materiais didáticos; Layout.?Didactic Materials for Distance Education: Observing LayoutsAbstract The inclusion of distance education in formal educational processes pointed training opportunities in higher education for those who are distant from training centers and, in addition, unveiled research objects. An example of this are the didactic materials, as necessary for effective learning in the distance. The range of materials is large and therefore it is interesting to know how these are being developed and used by those institutions that offer courses in this modality. It is known that there are different needs among students of distance education and presence courses that need to be addressed in didactic materials. But actually are? Considering the organization of study space as important in the educational process, as the spaces of didactic materials have been organized? What elements have been used to development layouts for the materials used in distance education courses? This questions are theme of this this written that will, with a case study, observe didactic materials produced to Brazilian distance courses. That observation shown us that analyzed materials have similarities with didactic products for face to face education.Keywords: Distance education; Didactic materials; Layout.

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Revaluation of Ksar El-Haouita in Laghouat, Algeria

10.52460/issc.2021.001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fatiha Imane Mahcar ◽

Belkacem Takhi

Keyword(s):

Morphological Analysis ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Architectural Heritage ◽

Theoretical Underpinning ◽

Great Resistance ◽

Basic Principles ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

Materials Used ◽

Local Materials

Algeria has a rich urban and architectural heritage, which presents regional specificities. Once the ksour was a symbol of balance and perfect harmony with its environment, unfortunately today they no longer reflect their former function. The Ksourian architecture, including that of Laghouat is a prestigious heritage of high value; it is the testimony of genius knowledge and the capacity of their occupants to adapt to the difficult environment. The housing is considered the essential core of this architecture it represents the entire composition of the ksar, its design is inspired by the immediate environment and respects ancestral social values. It is characterized by a simple architecture and simple construction techniques which are based on the construction in load-bearing walls, the construction materials used are local materials of great resistance and less expensive. This study addresses the theme revaluation of heritage, particularly our case study ksar El-Haouita which has experienced a neglecting and depopulation due to several factors. The ksar El-Haouita is among the most famous ksour located in the south of Algeria and exactly in the region of Laghouat. It is built with simple materials and techniques of construction. The construction materials used are local materials like stones and lime found in the environmental surroundings of the ksar. The aim of this study is to identify the major causes of the degradation of ksar, also to preserve ksar El-Haouita through specific operations and to improve the tourist attractiveness of ksar El-Haouita in order to promote heritage, to convert it back into sustainable Saharan tourism. Our study based in the first place; on a theoretical underpinning which contains the notions that have a relation with our theme, the problematic and the envisaged objective, then a presentation of ksar followed by a morphological analysis accompanied by identification of the problems to identify the phenomena of damage and its disfigurement. The last step is to treat an aspect for the development of ksar, this aspect is devoted to the restitution of the defensive system (doors, ramparts, ramparts of houses and towers) of the ksar, through a diagnostic and several operations like (rehabilitation and reconstruction). The aim result of this study is to show that the revaluation of the ksar is a very vast operation and proposes interventions that allow the preservation of the ksar and also to understand the elements that help the success of interventions and to put some of the parameters considered as reference elements and basic principles for the operations on the ksar and among these operations it is (the case study, which is the restitution of the defensive system of ksar El-Haouita).

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Z-axis Interconnections for Next Generation Packaging

International Symposium on Microelectronics ◽

10.4071/isom-2011-wa1-paper4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 (1) ◽

pp. 000469-000475

Author(s):

Rabindra N. Das ◽

Frank D. Egitto ◽

John M. Lauffer ◽

Tim Antesberger ◽

Voya R. Markovich

Keyword(s):

Flip Chip ◽

Electrical Performance ◽

Next Generation ◽

Low Loss ◽

Electrically Conducting ◽

S Parameter ◽

Plastic Ball ◽

Materials Used ◽

Electrically Conducting Adhesives

In this paper, the use of electrically conducting adhesives (ECA) to form z-axis interconnections for next generation packaging is discussed. In particular, current efforts related to Z-axis interconnections for device level fabrication, integration, and electrical performance are highlighted. A few optimized ECAs were used for hole fill applications to fabricate Z-axis interconnections in laminates. Conductive joints were formed during composite lamination using the ECA. Around 5,000 to 200,000 through holes in the joining cores, formed by laser or mechanical drilling, and having diameters ranging from 50 μm to 750 μm, were filled with an optimized conducting adhesive. The adhesive-filled joining cores/layers were laminated with circuitized subcomposites to produce a composite structure. As a case study, a variety of z-axis interconnect constructions for a flip-chip plastic ball grid array package, rigid-flex, rigid-rigid, package-interposer-package (PIP), RF structures, and PWBs were fabricated and evaluated at both the subcomposite and composite levels to understand structural and electrical integrity. Electrically, S-parameter measurements showed very low loss at multi-gigahertz frequencies. The losses were low enough to support typical SERDES up to 15 Gbps over 750 mm. The present process allows fabrication of z-interconnect conductive joints having diameters in the range of 55 to 500 μm. The processes and materials used to achieve smaller feature dimensions, satisfy stringent registration requirements, and achieve robust electrical interconnections are discussed.

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