Effect of Different Bag Opening Methods of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Growth Parameter, Yield and Benefit Cost Ratio

Oyster mushroom growers are generally confused about the scientific basis of the cultivation technology with regard to the best bag opening method after a spawn run. The present study was undertaken to find out the effect of four different methods of bag opening on yield, benefit cost ratio (BCR) and biological efficiency of oyster mushrooms during November, 2020 to March, 2021. The results indicated that treatment-2 (retaining the polythene bag for the entire cultivation period) exhibited significantly the highest yield (1644.61 g bed-1) followed by treatment-3 (opening top part of the polythene bag after spawn run) (1536.62 g bed-1), and treatment-1 (opening top and bottom part of the polythene bag (1468.82 g bed-1) and treatment-4 (complete removal of the polythene bag) (1111.19 g). The BCR was also found to be the highest (4.39) in treatment-2 followed by treatment-3 (4.09), treatment-1 (3.96) and treatment-4 (2.98). Retaining the polythene bag during the entire cultivation period was found to be the best method of cultivation with regard to biological efficiency (82.23%). Opening the top part of the polythene bag after the spawn run showed the biological efficiency of 76.83% which was followed by the treatment with opening the polythene bag from the top and bottom part of the bed (73.44%).The lowest biological efficiency (55.56%) was observed in the treatment in which the entire polythene bag was removed after a spawn run in darkroom. Mushroom growers may retain the polythene bag surrounding the mushroom bed during the entire cultivation period for better economic return.

Analysis of Optimization Weights for Flow Field of Internal Rotation Stabilizer Coupled with Porous Retaining Wall

In this paper, the flow field of the approximate T-shaped tundish and the removal rate of fine inclusions are improved by changing the parameters of the flow control device of the SCB (stabilizer coupling baffle) structure. Studies have shown that the synergistic effect of the DPRW (double porous retaining wall) structure and the IRS (internal rotation stabilizer) structure has excellent performance in mixing the temperature composition of the molten steel, increasing the average residence time of the molten steel, reducing the volume fraction of the dead zone, and improving the removal rate of fine inclusions. The opening method and diameter of the double-layer retaining wall have a greater impact on the flow field parameters. The larger the diameter, the more conducive to increasing the average residence time, and the smaller the diameter, the more conducive to increasing the removal rate of fine inclusions.

Tingkat keberlanjutan terhadap aspek pengelolaan sumur tua secara tradisional di Bojonegoro Jawa Timur

This study aims to determine the sustainability status of the Re-Opening Oil Wells of Bojonegoro Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The method used in this research is Multidimensional Scaling analysis which is implemented using Rap-Re-Opening Oil Wells software. Existing status of Wells Bojonegoro Re-Opening Oil Sustainability Less Sustainable with the weighting value of each dimension is 34.56%, 39.73%, 45.25%, 37.90%, 57.00%. The strategy to increase the addition of status values from the 5 dimensions of the Sustainability Index, evaluated only one dimension that is sustainable with a fairly good status. The results obtained from the improvement scenario obtained by the respective percentage figures as follows; Ecology 41.44%, Economics 61.62%, Social and Culture 45.25%, Technology 42.02%, Institutional 61, 29%. Thus the strategy to increase sustainable status can be improved by the Oil Wells Rap-Re-Opening Method.

Effect of Cellulose Nanofibrils on the Properties of Jatropha Oil-Based Waterborne Polyurethane Nanocomposite Film

The objective of this work was to study the influence of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of Jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) nanocomposite films. The polyol to produce polyurethane was synthesized from crude Jatropha oil through epoxidation and ring-opening method. The chain extender, 1,6-hexanediol, was used to improve film elasticity by 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 wt.% of CNF loading was incorporated to enhance film performance. Mechanical performance was studied using a universal test machine as specified in ASTM D638-03 Type V and was achieved by 0.18 MPa at 0.5 wt.% of CNF. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to measure the temperature of degradation and the chemical crosslinking and film morphology were studied using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results showed that when the CNF was incorporated, it was found to enhance the nanocomposite film, in particular its mechanical and thermal properties supported by morphology. Nanocomposite film with 0.5 wt.% of CNF showed the highest improvement in terms of tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and thermal degradation. Although the contact angle decreases as the CNF content increases, the effect on the water absorption of the film was found to be relatively small (<3.5%). The difference between the neat WPBU and the highest CNF loading film was not more than 1%, even after 5 days of being immersed in water.

Bio-based polyurethane aqueous dispersions

With the advances of green chemistry and nanoscience, the synthesis of green, homogenous bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions with high performance have gained great attention. The presented chapter deals with the recent synthesis of waterborne polyurethane with the biomass, especially the vegetable oils including castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, jatropha oil, and palm oil, etc. Meanwhile, the other biomasses, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, chitosan, etc., have also been illustrated with the significant application in preparing polyurethane dispersions. The idea was to highlight the main vegetable oil-based polyols, and the isocyanate, diols as chain extenders, which have supplied a class of raw materials in WPU. The conversion of biomasses into active chemical agents, which can be used in synthesis of WPU, has been discussed in detail. The main mechanisms and methods are also presented. It is suggested that the epoxide ring opening method is still the main route to transform vegetable oils to polyols. Furthermore, the nonisocyanate WPU may be one of the main trends for development of WPU using biomasses, especially the abundant vegetable oils.

Predicting Dam Flood Discharge Induced Ground Vibration with Modified Frequency Response Function

Ground vibrations induced by large flood discharge from a dam can damage surrounding buildings and impact the quality of life of local residents. If ground vibrations could be predicted during flood discharge, the ground vibration intensity could be mitigated by controlling or tuning the discharge conditions by, for example, changing the flow rate, changing the opening method of the orifice, and changing the upstream or downstream water level, thereby effectively preventing damage. This study proposes a prediction method with a modified frequency response function (FRF) and applies it to the in situ measured data of Xiangjiaba Dam. A multiple averaged power spectrum FRF (MP-FRF) is derived by analyzing four major factors when the FRF is used: noise, system nonlinearity, spectral leakages, and signal latency. The effects of the two types of vibration source as input are quantified. The impact of noise on the predicted amplitude is corrected based on the characteristics of the measured signal. The proposed method involves four steps: signal denoising, MP-FRF estimation, vibration prediction, and noise correction. The results show that when the vibration source and ground vibrations are broadband signals and two or more bands with relative high energies, the frequency distribution of ground vibration can be predicted with MP-FRF by filtering both the input and output. The amplitude prediction loss caused by filtering can be corrected by adding a constructed white noise signal to the prediction result. Compared with using the signal at multiple vibration sources after superimposed as input, using the main source as input improves the accuracy of the predicted frequency distribution. The proposed method can predict the dominant frequency and the frequency bands with relative high energies of the ground vibration downstream of Xiangjiaba Dam. The predicted amplitude error is 9.26%.