Investigation of Expected Longevity Using Medical Conditions and Lifestyle Details to Calculate A Female Patient’S Health Age Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 490)

The author was a mathematician and an engineer. His view of longevity is similar to his past experience on designing and building a structure or a machine which he calls an “object”. The expected lifespan of an object is similar to the longevity of a human being based on the following three factors: (1) The availability of good and strong building materials that are similar to the genetic factors of a human body health conditions. (2) The engineering design and site construction of this object are similar to the lifestyle, life-long habits, and environmental factors which are related to the health of the human body. (3) The building’s damaged cracks or the machine’s malfunctioned parts under external forces are similar to the medical conditions and symptoms of disease in the human body. If the object suffers from operational problems due to external forces that is similar to the human body being affected by various diseases, then we can repair the object such as adopting the reinforcement of the building structural part or replacing the operational part of the machine. They are similar to the medical treatments including medication interventions, different surgeries, or organ transplants. Once the author understood the analogy and similarity between an engineering object and a human body, he can then distinguish the differences among genetic reason, lifestyle maintenance, disease control, and medical treatments. It is extremely difficult, almost impossible at present time, to change our genes because we cannot select our biological parents; however, we can focus on our daily lifestyle management to either prevent from having diseases or controlling the progression of existing diseases.

An index framework founded on the future profit potential of female beef cattle to aid the identification of candidates for culling

Meticulous culling decisions, coupled with careful breeding decisions, are fundamental to shifting a population distribution in the favorable direction and improving profit per cow. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of easy-to-use dynamic tools to aid in culling decisions in beef cattle. The motivation for the present study was to develop a monetary-based culling tool, here referred to as the Beef Female’s Profit Potential (BFPP), to identify females for culling. The BFPP reflects the expected lifetime profitability of an individual female in a herd for the expected remainder of her lifetime; this profit included that of the beef female herself as well as her progeny. The BFPP index framework was composed of 4 subindexes reflecting the value of an animal: (1) as a nulliparae (this was voided if the cow had already calved), (2) for the remainder of her current parity, (3) summed across each of her expected remaining parities, and (4) when she is retained within the herd and not voluntarily culled. Each subindex was comprised of different components reflecting both genetic and non-genetic effects associated with each female. Transition matrices predicting the expected longevity of each female and their expected month of calving were also utilized in calculating the expected remaining lifetime profitability of each female. The BFPP index was validated on 21,102 beef cows as well as their harvested progeny from 875 herds by stratifying the cows, within herd, into 4 strata based on their BFPP. The mean of the within-herd correlation between the BFPP and the Irish national replacement (i.e., breeding) index was, on average, 0.45 indicating the shortcomings of the breeding index as a culling tool. Cows within the top BFPP stratum had a genetic expectation of accruing almost an additional €36 profit per calving, relative to cows within the worst stratum; when validated on the cow’s own calving interval and survival performance as well as their progeny’s carcass performance, the actual phenotypic value was estimated to be an additional €32 profit per calving. A proportion of this additional profit was due to the harvested progeny of the high BFPP cows having, on average, heavier, more conformed carcasses with less fat cover relative to their poor BFPP contemporaries. This BFPP framework is a useful and easy-to-use tool to aid in producer decision making on the choice of females to voluntarily cull but also on which replacement heifers to graduate into the mature herd.

Emergency care usage and longevity have opposite effects on health insurance rates

Purpose This paper aimed to study the price of health insurance for individuals aged 65 years and over. Design/methodology/approach A sample of private health policyholders in Spain is analysed. Joint models are estimated for men and women, separately. A log-linear model of the transformed cumulated number of claims associated with emergency room occupation, ambulance use and hospitalization is estimated, together with a proportional hazard survival model. Findings The association between the longitudinal process of severe medical care and the survival time process is positive and highly significant for both men and women. An increase in the price of health insurance because of the effect of a larger number of emergency care demand events is slightly offset by the decrease in expected longevity. Research limitations/implications The effect of an increase in the number of claims is small compared to the reduction in survival, so age still plays a central role in ratemaking. Practical implications High rates of health insurance for elderly insureds should be compensated with younger insureds in the portfolio. Social implications Affordable health insurance premiums for elderly people are difficult to obtain only with strict actuarial principles. Originality/value The proposed methodology allows dynamic rates to be designed, so that the price of health insurance can change as new usage information becomes available.

Evolution of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates

Over a decade ago, the discovery of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates shifted existing paradigms on the lack of sophistication of their immune system. Nonetheless, the prevalence of this trait and the ecological factors driving its evolution in invertebrates remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a theoretical host–parasite model and predict that long lifespan and low dispersal should promote the evolution of transgenerational immunity. We also predict that in species that produce both philopatric and dispersing individuals, it may pay to have a plastic allocation strategy with a higher transgenerational immunity investment in philopatric offspring because they are more likely to encounter locally adapted pathogens. We review all experimental studies published to date, comprising 21 invertebrate species in nine different orders, and we show that, as expected, longevity and dispersal correlate with the transfer of immunity to offspring. The validity of our prediction regarding the plasticity of investment in transgenerational immunity remains to be tested in invertebrates, but also in vertebrate species. We discuss the implications of our work for the study of the evolution of immunity, and we suggest further avenues of research to expand our knowledge of the impact of transgenerational immune protection in host–parasite interactions.

Lower and upper bounds of life expectancies and total expected longevity of a developing country

Regardless of being most used demographic indicator of longevity, life expectancy has few limitations too; and it arise mainly due to irregular mortality patterns in particular age group. This paper aims to analyze the trend of remaining life expectancies in different age groups and examines the highest observed life expectancies along with lower and upper bounds of life expectancies for Bangladesh; a country where early aged mortality is present remarkably. To estimate the lower and upper bounds of life expectancies in particular age; corresponding survival fractions have been taken into account, which gave more flexible concepts about longevity measures. Obtained results indicate decline in the gap between early aged life expectancies for both sexes in Bangladesh; which suggests that the full population, rather than just the more selected survivors, may anticipate a longer life that was previously only the domain of those who survived past the early years. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v3i2.20041 South East Asian Journal of Public Health Vol.3(2) 2013: 52-57