Response of Entomopathogenic Fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on Drought Stress Factor

The entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (common name: Isaria fumosorosea) can utilize to control white fly population. Bemisia tabaci or white fly has become key pest in soybean cultivation. It reported became resistance due to chemical pesticide. Some of new strain has been emerge as chemical pesticide resultant However, to develop P. fumosoroseus as biopesticide hide a problem. The environmental drought factor (temperature and water stress) become major problem. This research aimed to determine effect of environmental factor like temperature and water stress to growth and effectivity of P. fumosoroseus, due to selection an isolat were persist to drought factor. In this research has been used two different isolat of P. fumosoroseus, that is Wirowongso 1 isolat and Mumbulsari 5 isolates. This research had been conducted with five different treatments. First is a growth test under temperature stress, in vitro germination test under temperature stress and in vitro germination test under water stress, and virulence test under temperature and under water stress. The result showed that the increase a temperature and of water stress, directly make decreased of growth, germination and effectively. That effect has made different effect to growth, germination and effectivity on both isolat. The results showed that the isolat WR 1 test result showed the isolat WR 1 more persist to each drought factor. It became more valuable to develop as biopesticide among other.Keywords: Bemicia tabaci, germination, isolat, Isaria fumosorosea, in-vivo.

MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CARPOCORIS FUSCISPINUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE), A PEST OF ONION AND LEEK SEED CROPS

Any agricultural production requires the prior production of seeds, carried out by specialized companies, which own in-depth knowledge of seed crops as well as of their pathogens and pests. These pathogens and pests often remain unknown to the agricultural world. They are very little studied and control strategies do not exist. The present study is typical of such a situation: Zollinger Bio, an organic seeds producer, regularly deals with seed crops health problems. Over the last years, the production of seeds of onion (Allium cepa) and leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum) has been reduced by 50% by a bug, morphologically and genetically identified as Carpocoris fuscispinus. Their piercing-sucking mouthparts allow these insects to empty the maturing seeds. Carpocoris fuscispinus, a native bug in Europe, has never been considered as a pest, although observed once as a cereal pest in Iran. The pest has already caused damage during flowering making the use of insecticides not possible, because of their harmful effect on pollinating insects. Entomophagous fungi could be an alternative. Two fungal isolates, Beauveria bassiana UASWS 1427 and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus UASWS 1457, were tested against C. fuscispinus. The experimental units consisted of five bugs in a box with water and food (leek flower, spelled crop seeds). The mortality increased quickly between day four and day eight and reached 100% adults for B. bassiana and 90% for P. fumosoroseus at day eight. Similar results were obtained on larvae. These results are promising of a possible microbiological control against C. fuscispinus.

UJI PERTUMBUHAN KOLONI JAMUR ENTOMOPATOGEN DARI PERTANAMAN KACANG PANJANG (Vigna sinensis L.) PADA SERANGGA UMPAN

Kacang panjang sangat disukai hama. Hama yang sering menyerang adalah ulat penggerek polong (Maruca testulalis), tungau merah (Tetranychus bimaculatus), dan kutu daun (Aphis spp.). Upaya menekan intensitas kerusakan akibat serangan hama pada pertanaman adalah dilakukannya pengendalian populasi hama. Penggunaan insektisida sintetik (pestisida) dalam pengendalian hama perlu dikurangi dengan cara beralih pada insektisida yang berbahan aktif jamur entomopatogen. Jamur Entompatogen merupakan jamur yang menginfeksi serangga dengan cara masuk ketubuh inang melalui kulit, saluran pencernaan, spirakel, dan lubang lainnya. Jamur Entomopatogen yang efektif mengendalikan hama penting tanaman adalah; Leucanicillium lecanii, Beuveria sp, Metarhizium anisoplae, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Aspergilus parasiticus dan Vericillium lecanii. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti adanya pertumbuhan koloni jamur entomopatogen pada serangga umpan dari pertanaman kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.) di Desa Bukit Batu Jalur 30 Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Palembang. Penelitiaan ini dilakukan selama 3 bulan yaitu pada bulan Februari 2019 sampai dengan April 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling dan pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan dengan menentukan lokasi dan lima titik sampel secara diagonal. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa di lahan pertanaman kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.) desa Bukit Baru Jalur 30 Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir terdapat jamur Entomopatogen dan terdapat tiga gejala yang terdapat pada serangga umpan yang terinfeksi jamur Entomopatogen. Mortalitas serangga umpan maksimum adalah 4 ekor (40%) dan minimum 1 ekor (10%) untuk masing-masing sampel.

Kemampuan Blastospora Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Metarhizium anisopliae dan Lecanicillium decanii dalam Menginfeksi Kumbang Hypothenemus hampei

<p><em>Hypothenemus hampei is a coffee </em><em>berry</em><em> borer</em><em>s</em><em> (C</em><em>B</em><em>B) </em><em>that</em><em> is difficult to control because it lives inside the coffee </em><em>berries</em><em>. </em><em>B</em><em>lastospor</em><em>es of </em><em>entomopathogen fung</em><em>al</em><em> are expected to be effective in controlling these pests. The </em><em>purpose </em><em>of this study was to </em><em>evaluate</em><em> the ability of blastospores Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii to infect, kill and inhibit the development of H. hampei on coffee cherries in the laboratory. The study was conducted from March to December 2019 at the Plant Protection Laboratory, </em><em>Indonesian </em><em>Industrial </em><em>and Beverage Crops Research Institute</em><em>, Sukabumi.</em><em> </em><em>The study used 14 treatments, namely 3 types of fungi are P. fumosoroseus, M. anisopliae and L. lecanii with every 4 densities are 10⁸, 10⁷, 10⁶, and 10⁵ blastospores/ml, positive control using botanical insecticides (Biotris) and negative control, and repeated 4 times.</em><em> The parameters observed were mortalit</em><em>ies</em><em>, number of </em><em>bor holes,</em><em> and insect development after treatment. The results showed that all blastospores were able to infect and kill H. imago in the laboratory. </em><em>The highest mortality occurred in the treatment of P. fumosoroseus with 10⁸ blastospores/ml densities (P1) by 39.91%. </em><em>B</em><em>lastospores </em><em>of 3 entomopathogens </em><em>were able to inhibit the </em><em>number</em><em> of</em><em> bor holes</em><em> on the coffee </em><em>cherries</em><em>, with the highest inhibition in the treatment of L. lecanii 10⁶ blastospores/ml</em><em> (L3)</em><em> by 28.57%. All types of blastospores can also inhibit insect development in the coffee cherries. Treatment of M. anisopliae </em><em>10⁸ blastospore/ml </em><em>(M1) was able to reduce the number of eggs and nymph</em><em>s by </em><em>78.69% and 74.24% respectively compared to negative controls. Blastospores from three types of entomopathogens have the potential to be developed as bioinsecticides </em><em>to</em><em> control C</em><em>B</em><em>B.</em></p>

Efecto de bioinsumos en la dinámica poblacional de Bemicia tabaci (GEN) Liriomyza spp, EN EL cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum, L), San Isidro 2017-2018

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la efectividad de cinco tratamientos biológicos sobre el manejo de las plagas de Bemisia tabaci y Liriomyza spp. Estos fueron: Gliricidia sepium, Walpers, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Azadiracta indica. Juss y un testigo convencional para efectos comparativos; fueron dispuestos en un diseño completamente aleatorio en terrenos del Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico Hugo Chávez Frías, San Isidro, Nicaragua durante el periodo del segundo semestre del año 2017 y primer semestre del año 2018. Las variables estudiadas fueron: Número de adultos de Bemisia tabaci y Liriomyza spp por planta, incidencia y severidad de virosis, incidencia y severidad por daños provocados por Liriomyza spp, rendimiento comercial, presupuesto parcial, análisis de dominancia y tasa de retorno marginal. Los resultados indicaron que los tratamientos Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae son más eficientes en el control de adultos de mosca blanca; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus presentó los menores niveles de Liriomyza spp (0.5 adultos/planta), el testigo presentó niveles de incidencia inferiores al de los tratamientos para ambas plagas a los 15 y 45 días después del trasplante, además obtuvo el mayor rendimiento comercial de 31,477 kg/ha, seguido de Beauveria bassiana. Siendo este tratamiento donde se obtuvo el mayor porcentaje de retorno marginal (474%).

Virulence of Commercialized Fungal Entomopathogens Against Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Nine strains of five species of entomopathogenic hypocrealean fungi were tested against adults of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky). These strains have been developed as commercial biopesticide products in the United States, Brazil, South Korea, or the European Union (EU). Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) ESALQ E-9 and Metarhizium brunneum (Petch) F52 (formerly M. anisopliae F52) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) killed 100% of treated beetles with the shortest survival times. Virulence differed among the five strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) tested, ranging from 0 to 77.3% mortality within 28 d. Two Isaria fumosorosea (Wize, 1904) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) strains and the Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain used in Mycotal were not pathogenic to A. glabripennis adults. Within the entomopathogenic fungi tested, the Metarhizium strains may be the most appropriate for further evaluation.

Entomófagos y efectividad de hongos entomopatógenos en Gynaikothrips uzeli (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) en Ficus benjamina (Moraceae)

Se documenta la presencia del thrips, Androthrips ramachandrai Karny y del antocórido Montandoniola confusa Streito & Matocq, depredadores del thrips fitófago Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman en agallas de Ficus benjamina comúnmente llamado “Benjamina” en San Blas, Santiago Ixcuintla y Tepic, Nayarit, México. Se evaluó la actividad biológica de Beauveria bassiana (aislados Bb-S1, Bb-S2 y Bb-S3), Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma-A y Ma-C), y Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Pf-4a) como agentes de control biológico de Gynaikothrips uzeli en condiciones de laboratorio. Los aislados Bb-S1 y Ma-A causaron las mayores mortalidades en larvas (40.05±5.08, 64.8±3.01) y adultos (54.3±7.8, 60.5±6.4) respectivamente.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGAL INVASION ON THE CABBAGE-HEART CATERPILLAR CROCIDOLOMIA BINOTALIS ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

The infection on Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller by the entomopathogenic fungi Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wise) Brown and Smith, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, and Metarhizium anisopliae var. majus (Metsch.) Sorokin was studied histopathologically using electron microscopy. Conidia which landed on the cuticle germinated within four to six hours. In the case of B. basiana, shortly after landing, an appresorium was formed that attached itself fast onto the cuticle at the point of fungal entry. The infected larva then entered the moribund state 12 to 24 hours after inoculation. Death of the larva followed 24 to 48 hours later. By then the body cavity as well as the trachea were clogged with mycelia, and compacted masses conidiophores producing white conidia were found all over the larval cadaver one to two days later. P. fumosoroseus sporulated more abundantly on the surface of the cadaver compared to B. bassiana or M. anisopliae.

Pengaruh Kombinasi Aplikasi Jamur Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Lem Perangkap, dan Insektisida Imidakloprid terhadap Empoasca sp.

In order to obtain an effective and efficient control method in integrated pest management, a research to know the effectiveness of combination treatments on Empoasca sp. on tea plant had been conducted. The trial was carried out at Gambung Experimental Station (1,250 masl) and designed in Randomized Complete Block design (RCB), with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment tested comprised with A. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Pfr); B. sticky trap (ST); C. imidacloprid (I); D. Pfr + ST; E. Pfr + I; F. ST + I; G. Pfr + ST + I; and H. control. Pfr multiplied in rice medium 2.5 kg ha-1 and imidacloprid 0.125 L ha-1 were sprayed, while sticky trap was set in the middle of 5 m x 5 m plot. The parameters observed were attack intensity of Empoasca sp., population of Empoasca sp, and tea shoot production. The results showed that after 3 times application of all treatments revealed a decrease in the attack intensity of Empoasca sp. After the fourth application, combination treatment of sticky trap (ST) + imidacloprid (I) consistently showed higher efficacy than other treatments. In the sixth observation, the average of Empoasca sp. attack intensity of combination treatment (ST + I) was 15.95% with an average population of 0.67 Empoasca sp. per plot. In the meantime, tea shoot production was 33.64% higher compared with control.

Biomasa de Tenebrio molitor como inductor de lipasas y proteasas producidas por Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Los hongos entomopatógenos son microorganismos comúnmente usados en prácticas de biocontrol de nematodos, insectos, entre otros. El principal mecanismo de acción de estos hongos es el parasitismo mediado por enzimas líticas, las cuales dependen de la interacción directa del microorganismo con sustratos inductores. En el presente estudio se evaluó la influencia de 8 generaciones continuas del hongo Paecilomyces fumosoroseus y el efecto de la adición de biomasa de Tenebrio molitor en el medio de cultivo para la producción de enzimas proteasas y lipasas. La cepa de P. fumosoroseus demostró ser un importante productor de proteasas y lipasas bajo las condiciones evaluadas, lo que le confiere alto potencial para actuar como agente activo en productos bioinsecticidas. La producción de lipasas mantuvo niveles homogéneos a través de las generaciones de P. fumosoroseus evaluadas, sin embargo la producción de proteasas si fue influenciada, con un incremento hasta la cuarta generación. Los valores de mayor actividad fueron de 800 y 200 U/L para lipasa y proteasa, respectivamente.