The attack intensity of Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on papaya

The mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus is one of the important insect pests in papaya (Carica papaya L.). The high potential for damage caused by this pest poses a threat to the production of papaya in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity of P. marginatus attack on papaya by observing variables such as plant varieties, planting seasons and cultivation methods. The area of observation plots was about 2.000 m2. The cultivation technique applied was monoculture with a spacing of 2.5 m x 2.5 m. Thirty plots of plants were collected from each plot of plants using diagonal sampling technique. The total number of leaves and the number of leaves attacked were recorded. Damage intensity was determined based on the category: no attack (score 0), mild 1-25% (score 1), moderate 26-50% (score 2), severe 51-75% (score 3), and very severe 76-100% (score 4). The attack intensity was higher in the dry season than rainy season. The results show that attack was higher in the dry season that rainy season. The intensity of the attack was also higher in Thai varieties both in the rainy and dry seasons. More intensive pest control shall be applied in the dry season and in the introduced varieties.

Pengamatan OPT Penting Tanaman Nilam

Observation of important patchouli pests was aimed to observe and identify important patchouli pests in North Sumatra and Aceh. Mosaic virus was the common disease found in patchouli plant with mild severe of 5-18.75% and very severe 87.5%, followed by red yellow disease (nematode) with mild severity 1-20%. The important disease that categorized as severe was budok disease found in Pintu Padang II Sub district, South Tapanuli Regency at 67.50%, and very severe (87.50%) was mosaic virus disease found in Bulu Cina Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency. Grasshopper was a pest that commonly found in patchouli with mild attack intensity (6.25-18.75%) and moderate attack intensity (21.2-30%), then followed by leaf-eating caterpillars with mild attack intensity 1.25-15%.

A Review of P4 Programmable Data Planes for Network Security

Network attacks show a trend of increased attack intensity, enhanced diversity, and more concealed attack methods, which put forward higher requirements for the performance of network security equipment. Unlike the SDN (software defined network) switch with a fixed-function data plane, switches with programmable data planes can help users realize more network protocols. Programming Protocol-independent Packet Processors (P4) is proposed to define the operations of the data plane and to implement user’s applications, e.g., data center networks, security, or 5G. This paper provides a review of research papers on solving network security problems with P4-based programmable data plane. The work can be organized into two parts. In the first part, the programming language P4, P4 program, architectures, P4 compilers, P4 Runtime, and P4 target are introduced according to the workflow model. The advantages of P4-based programmable switching in solving network security are analyzed. In the second part, the existing network security research papers are divided into four parts according to the perspectives of passive defense, active defense, and combination of multiple technologies. The schemes in each category are compared, and the core ideas and limitations are clarified. In addition, a detailed comparison is made for the research on the performance of P4 targets. Finally, trends and challenges related to the P4-based programmable data plane are discussed.

Efektifitas Tanaman Refugia Border Crop terhadap Serangan Hama Plutella xylostella dan Crocidolomia Binotalis pada Tanaman Kubis Bunga

<p>Pest attacks that become obstacles in cauliflower cultivation are <em>Plutella xylostella</em> and <em>Crocidolomia binotalis</em>, which can cause yield loss and crop failure. Efforts that can be used to reduce excessive use of pesticides are by controlling by the principles of integrated pest control by manipulating habitat using refugia plants grown as border crops. The plants used as refugia were <em>T. subulata</em> and <em>T. erecta</em>. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of refugia as a border crop against the intensity and attack of <em>P. xylostella</em> and<em> C. binotalis </em>pests. The design used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four treatments and six replications. Observations were made eight times with an interval of one week. Parameters observed were pest population, attack intensity, and parasitization level. The population of <em>P. xylostella</em> and <em>C. binotalis</em> larvae was highest in the P0 (control) treatment. The lowest average <em>P. xylostella</em> and <em>C. binotalis</em> larvae population was in the P3 treatment (<em>T<span style="text-decoration: underline;">. subulata</span> + T. erecta</em>). The highest percentage of damage intensity every week in the control treatment (P0). Treatment P3 (T. <em>subulata + T. erecta</em>) gave a significantly different effect compared to treatment P1 (<em>T. subulata</em>) P2 (<em>T. erecta</em>) and P0 (control). No parasitoid was found that attacks <em>P. xylostella</em>, <em>Eriborusargenteopilosus</em> is a parasitoid of <em>C. binotalis</em> with a parasitation rate of 54%.</p>

Attack intensity of pest in the vegetative phase of Atlantic potato variety in three different altitudes

Abstract.Potato plants are grown well in the highlands and have the potential to grow at different altitudes. One of the challenges in growing potatoes is pest attack during plantations, especially during the vegetative phase. The study aims to determine the attack intensity of potato pests on Atlantic variety at three different altitudes. This study was conducted in the Sembalun District, East Lombok, in three different locations, namely Sajang Village (at ca. 900 m asl), SembalunBumbung Village (at ca.1000 m asl), and SembalunLawang Village (at ca.1200 m asl) from March to June 2021. The plantations were maintained according to the standard maintenance of potato plantation farmers in Sembalun, and data was collected on a two-week basis. The research method used was an experimental method based on a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The sampling of potato plants was done using systematic random sampling. The results showed that the highest attack intensity of pests in the vegetative phase was observed nine weeks after planting, where the plants were suitable for the foliar pest. Altogether, potato plantation in SembalunBumbung had the highest attack intensity than in SembalunLawang and Sajang village. Further research is needed to examine the resistance of several varieties of potato in different altitudes and different seasons to attack the intensity of pests.

Health identification of Shorea javanica Koord. and valeton in nursery

Shorea javanica Koord. and Valeton is an identity tree of Lampung Province. The dammar of this species, locally known as damar mata kucing (cat-eye resin). The population of S. javanica is mostly in Repong Damar and grows naturally in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. Within a decade, the damar mata kucing production was decreased. The threat of deforestation, land degradation, and the scarcity of regeneration were some of the causes. One of the important efforts that could be done was to procure quality seedlings in the nursery. Knowledge of the health condition of seedlings in a nursery is very important in supporting plant cultivation success. Plant insects and diseases were one of the determining factors. This study aims to determine the health of S. javanica seedlings in South Lampung Permanent Nursery, which Way Seputih Way Sekampung Watershed Management Center and Protected Forest manage. This seed health identification activity used the Systematic Random Sampling method with a sampling intensity of 10%. The samples obtained were carried out by identifying the type of damage, location of damage, and severity of all S. javanica seeds sampled using criteria and standards for crop assessment results according to the International Center’s Environmental Monitoring standards Assessment Program (EMAP). Based on the result of the research, from 100 seedlings of S. javanica that was observed 75% of seedlings are unhealth, and 25% of seedlings are healthy. Among the 75% unhealthy seedling, 2% were dead. The intensity of total attack is about 73%, the intensity of insect attack is about 41%, and disease attack intensity is 32%, with the highest attack severity 30-39%. The results showed that the live percentage of S. javanica seedlings was 98% which was in the very good category.

Genotype resistance of hybrid corn varieties candidate against major corn diseases

The resistance level of several national superior corn varieties to the primary disease of corn is still varied and unstable. Therefore, evaluating the resistance of hybrid corn varieties candidate to the primary disease of corn is deemed necessary as an initial step in managing the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance reaction of the hybrid corn varieties candidate against the primary disease of corn. This study was conducted at two different locations. The first location was at the Agricultural Technology Research and Assessment Installation (ATRAI) of the Indonesian Cereals Research Institute in Bajeng District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi first, where the test for P. phillipinensis downy mildew, leaf blight, and leaf rust was conducted. The next location was at the ATRAI of Muneng of the Research Institute for Various Nuts and Tubers in Probolinggo, East Java, where the test for the P. maydis downy mildew was conducted. The tests were carried out using plants as the source of the test pathogen inoculum planted around the experimental block. The four corn genotypes tested were CHC1, CHC02, CHC3, CHC5, and CHC5. Meanwhile, the comparison varieties used were P36, Pertiwi-6, PAC339, BISI18, Anoman, and Pulut. The test results showed the two hybrid corn varieties candidate that were moderately resistant to P. philipinensis, namely CHC1 and CHC2, with attack intensities of 30.94% and 32.07%, respectively; one variety candidate resistant to P. maydis, namely CHC1 with an attack intensity of 15.92%. Meanwhile, the five hybrid corn varieties candidate, namely CHC1, CHC02, CHC3, CHC5, and CHC5, showed a moderately resistant reaction to maydis leaf blight and leaf rust with an attack intensity of 35%.

The relationship of the morphological characteristics of some varieties of soybean on the attack itensity of the pod borer (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke) in two different cultivation techniques

Soybean is one of the secondary crops that are often planted by the farmer. One of the most common pests that attack soybeans is the pod borer (Ettiela zinkenella T). One of the ways to control pests is by using varieties that are resistant to pod borer attacks. The research objectives were to examine the relationship between the morphological characteristics of soybean pods and to determine the handling with the lowest attack intensity. The experiment used a split plot design with two factors and three replications. The research material was the seeds of five soybean varieties, namely Detap-1, Dega-1, Anjasmoro, Biosoy, and Dena-1 which were planted in 2 different lands. The highter the trichome pods, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -68.321, if X=0 then Y=64.081 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.2532. The longer the pod trichomes, the higher the attack intensity with a value of 0.0683, if X=0 then Y=18.208 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.0007. The thicker the skin of the pod, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -68.321, if X=0 then Y=64.081 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.2532. The harder the skin texture of the pods, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -0.0308, if X=0 then Y=36.614 and for the R2 value in that relationship, 0.2355. The recommended technology treatment with Anjasmoro variety had the lowest attack intensity compared to other treatments.

Application of biofertilizer and Local Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin on Growth, Production and Resistant of Red Chili Plants (Capsicum annuum L.)

The use of inorganic fertilizers and chemical pesticides in increasing chili production at high doses continuously can damage the environment and resistant to pests. The use of inorganic fertilizers and chemical pesticides can be minimized by environment friendly products. The research was conducted by combining the application of biofertilizers and local Beauveria bassiana to support the growth and production of environmentally friendly plants. This research was carried out experimentally arranged according to a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor was the application of biofertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely: zero applications of biofertilizer, one application at 24 DAP, two applications at 24 DAP and 54 DAP and three applications at 24 DAP, 54 DAP and 64 DAP. The second factor was the application of local B. bassiana consisting of 4 levels, namely: zero applications of local B. bassiana, one application at 24 DAP, two applications at 24 DAP and 54 DAP and three applications at 24 DAP, 54 DAP and 64 DAP. The parameters of research consisted plant height, dichotom height, flowering plant age, harvesting age, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, leaf pest attack intensity and fruit pest attack intensity. The data from the analysis of variance were further tested with the DNMRT test at the 5% level. The result showed that no interaction between the application of biofertilizers and B. bassiana on the growth, yield and resistance of red chili plants. However, the combination of application of biofertilizer and B. bassiana three times gave good results on the growth, yield and resistance of red chili plants compared to the application of biofertilizer and B. bassiana zero times.

Relationship between Soybean Pod Morphological Characteristics with Population and Attack Intensity of Pod Sucking Pest Riptortus linearis F. (Hemiptera: Alydidae)

Pod sucking pest, Riptortus linearis, is one of the important pests on soybeans which cause high yield losses. This study aimed to determine the relationship between soybean pod morphological characteristics with population and attacking intensity of the pod sucking pest R. linearis. The research method used was descriptive exploratory in the field with five soybean varieties, namely: Detap-1 (V1), Dega-1 (V2), Anjasmoro (V3), Biosoy (V4), and Dena-1 (V5). Research was conducted from September to December 2020 in Setanggor Village, West Praya District, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Results showed that the highest population of R. linearis was in the Dena-1 variety (1.9 individuals/plant), followed by Detap-1 (1.7 individuals/plant), Anjasmoro (1.6 individuals/plant), Dega (1 individual/plant) and Biosoy (0.9 individual/plant). Two morphological characteristics of soybean pods that had a correlation with the attacking intensity of R. linearis were trichome density (TD) and trichome length (TL). The lowest attacking intensity was on Biosoy variety (26.08% b, TD:1000.7 (10,000 m2 (10 x 4) and TL: 71.78 µm followed by Dega-1 (27.98% ab, TD:1044.04 (10,000 m2) (10 x 4) and TL: 70.70 µm, Detap-1 (36.36% ab TD: 944.14 (10,000 m2 (10 x 4) and TL: 72.86 µm, Dena-1 (35.02 % ab TD: 957.55 (10,000 m2 (10 x 4) and TL: 73.11 µm and the highest is Anjasmoro (37.56% a TD: 955.24 (10,000 m2 (10 x 4) and TL: 74.67 µm. Furthermore, the correlation analysis showed that the denser and longer the pod trichomes, the lower the attacking intensity of the pod sucking pest R. linearis.