Two years of SARS-CoV-2 infection (2019–2021): structural biology, vaccination, and current global situation

The deadly SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 259,502,031 confirmed cases with 5,183,003 deaths in 223 countries during the last 22 months (Dec 2019–Nov 2021), whereas approximately 7,702,859,718, vaccine doses have been administered (WHO: https://covid19.who.int/) as of the 24th of Nov 2021. Recent announcements of test trial completion of several new vaccines resulted in the launching of immunization for the common person around the globe highlighting a ray of hope to cope with this infection. Meanwhile, genetic variations in SARS-CoV-2 and third layer of infection spread in numerous countries emerged as a stronger prototype than the parental. New and parental SARS-CoV-2 strains appeared as a risk factor for other pre-existing diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders, kidney, liver, heart, and eye injury. This situation requires more attention and re-structuring of the currently developed vaccines and/or drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although a decline in COVID-19 infection has been reported globally, an increase in COVID-19 cases in the subcontinent and east Mediterranean area could be alarming. In this review, we have summarized the current information about the SARS-CoV-2 biology, its interaction and possible infection pathways within the host, epidemiology, risk factors, economic collapse, and possible vaccine and drug development.

Main aspects of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of subhyaloid hemorrhages

Purpose. To present modern literature data on the main aspects of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of subhyaloid hemorrhages. Material and methods. To perform the review, the search for literature sources on PubMed abstract databases was analyzed by the keywords «subhyaloid hemorrhages», «posterior hyaloidotomy» according to Russian publications on the topic of the article for the period up to 2020 inclusive. Results. Subhyaloid hemorrhage is a suspension of blood in a space bounded by a mesh membrane and a detached posterior hyaloid membrane. The most common cause of subhyaloid hemorrhages are retinal vascular diseases: diabetic retinopathy of the retina (30%), Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy (30%), central retinal vein thrombosis (20%). Subhyaloid hemorrhages are less common in hematological diseases, eye injury, rupture of the macroaneurysm, Terson syndrome. It has been established that the main complications due to untimely or inadequate treatment of subhyaloid hemorrhages are the formation of a premacular fibrous membrane, vitreoretinal fusion, traction retinal detachment, hemophthalmos, fibrosis and retinal atrophy, which require the right tactics in treatment. Conclusion. Thus, due to the prolonged presence of blood and fibrin in the premacular subhyaloidal space, there is a danger of mechanical and toxic effects on the retinal neuroepithelium of the macular region, which can lead to an irreversible decrease in visual functions. Key words: subhyaloid hemorrhages, Nd:YAG laser, posterior hyaloidotomy

A Case Report on Acute Transient’s Psychotic Disorders

Background: Little is known about acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD), a diagnostic category introduced with ICD-10. Case Presentation: Acute transient psychotic disorder is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterised by the acute onset of psychotic symptoms such as delusion, hallucination and perceptual disturbances, and by the severe disruption of ordinary behaviour. Patient history: The Male patient 48 year old who was apparently admitted in AVBRH on date 08/05/2021 with chief complaint was Abnormal behaviour( taking clothes off in public ), irritability, aggressive, muttering and smiling to self from 10 days back. His parents once locked him in a room as they fear he might hurt him. He was taken to a faith healer in Pandarkawda twice by his parents. The Baba gave him some mysterious beats like bracelet to wear which eventually decreased his symptoms for 3 days but the symptoms persisted from the fourth day. This time, the Baba mixed a lemon juice, turmeric powder & kumkuma (a powder made from dried turmeric with a bit of slaked lime) and applied all over him eyes which severely inflamed & burnt his eyes. His eye injury elevated his psychotic symptoms which is why his parents took him to psychiatric OPD in AVBRH. Past History: Patient was apparently asymptomatic 2 yrs back. He was married to a woman of his parent’s choice. His marriage life was stressful and unhealthy. He was underestimated by his wife due to his low qualification and health problem. Clinical Finding: The patient has been undergone with various investigations like culture, blood tests, Physical examination and mental status examination symptomatically with antipsychotic agent and anticonvulsant such as Tab Olanzapine 10mg- HS, Tab Clonazepam 0.5mg – SOS. Medical Management: Antibiotic eye drop homatropine and eye ointment ciprofloxacin. Nursing Management: Administered fluid replacement i.e DNS and RL, eye care was done with betadine and Normal Saline solutions, eye care by administering eye drops and monitored all vital signs hourly. Conclusion: Patient was admitted to hospital with the chief complaint of muttering to self, irritability and eye injury, blisters, pus discharge from eyes and his condition was very critical and patient was admitted in AVBR Hospital ,immediate treatment was started by health team member and all possible treatment were given and now the patient condition is satisfactory.

Eye Injury Registries: A Review on Key Registry Processes

Background: Data management related to eye injuries is vital in improving care process, improving treatment and implementing preventive programs. Implementation of a registry to manage data is an integral part of this process. This systematic review aimed to identify processes related to eye injury registries. Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus were used in searching for articles from 2010 to Oct 2020 using the keywords “eye injuries” and” registry”. The identified processes related to eye injuries registry such as case finding, data collection, abstracting, reporting, follow-up and data quality control are presented in this review. Results: Of 1493 articles retrieved, 30 articles were selected for this study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Majority of these studies were conducted in the United States. All registries had case finding and the most common resources for case finding included medical documents, reports and screening results. Moreover, majority of registries collected data electronically. However, few registries used data quality attributes to improve the data collected. Conclusion: Eye injury registry plays an important role in the management of eye injury data and as a result, better management of these data will be established. Taking into consideration that the quality of collected data has a vital role in adopting prevention strategies, it is essential to use high-quality data and quality control methods in planning and designing eye injury registries.

The use of autologous conditioned plasma (acp) in surgery of severe posterior eye segment pathology. Three years of experience on using the technology

Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness and long-term results of the use of autologous conditioned plasma in the surgery of open eye injury, including perforating eye injuries, surgery of the cicatricial stage of the subretinal neovascular membrane, rhematogenous retinal detachment, including retinal detachment with macular hole in people with high myopia with expressed scleral staphyloma, without the use of an additional laser coagulation of the retina and the almost complete exclusion of silicone tamponade. Material and methods. Since 2018, more than 250 patients with various vitreous pathologies of the posterior eye segment have been operated on perforating eye injuries, cicatricial stage of the subretinal neovascular membrane, idiopathic macular rupture, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, including those with macular holes, including cases with high myopia and expressed scleral staphyloma. The developed technology of surgical closure of defects of the retina, choroid, sclera of various lengths using autologous conditioned plasma, made it possible to completely eliminate the need for laser coagulation of the retina, which in most cases would be difficult and unsafe, and to practically exclude silicone tamponade. A method of seamless sealing of sclero and conjunctivotomies with the variant of air tamponade using autologous conditioned plasma has been developed and successfully applied. Results. In the early postoperative period the patients in all clinical groups had no complications. Complete adhesion of the retina and sealing of defects in the structures of the eye after using autologous conditioned plasma without additional laser coagulation of the retina on the background of the applied air and silicone tamponade was observed in all patients. In the long-term follow-up period up to 28 months, there were isolated recurrences of retinal detachment after surgery of complex open eye injury, rhematogenous retinal detachment on the background of progression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. More than 89% of patients had no complications in the long-term period. Complete closure of the sclero and conjunctivotomies without the use of additional suture fixation had been achieved. In all cases, the vascular pattern of the conjunctiva was preserved, in no case was a reactive process detected at the site of application of autologous conditioned plasma. Conclusion. The use of autologous conditioned plasma is an effective and safe method of sealing defects of the retina, choroid, sclera of various lengths in complex open eye injury, of surgery of rhematogenous retinal detachment, including high myopia and the presence of a macular hole, of surgery of the cicatricial stage of the subretinal neovascular membrane, allowing to completely eliminate the need for laser coagulation of the retina, minimize the need for silicone tamponade.

Ocular Injury Caused by the Bombardier Beetle

We report a case of ocular injury caused by a bombardier beetle in a young boy. Ocular injuries due to this coleoptera have not previously been reported. An 11-year-old boy experienced an eye injury while trying to place a bombardier beetle inside an anthill. The boy was diagnosed with a second-degree burn on the skin of the upper right eyelid and conjunctival and corneal erosion in the right eye. The condition resolved completely after 2 weeks of appropriate treatment. Education about the dangers of playing with insects is crucial to prevent this type of lesions.

FAKTOR RISIKO YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KELUHAN PENGLIHATAN PADA PEKERJA BENGKEL LAS KOTA BENGKULU

<p>Pekerja pengelasan menduduki peringkat kedua dalam hal proporsi pekerja yang mengalami cidera mata, sekitar 1390 kasus <em>eye injury </em>disebabkan karena pajanan bunga api pengelasan. Berdasarkan survai awal sebanyak 75% pekerja bengkel las Kota Bengkulu merasakan keluhan penglihatan. Beberapa faktor yang diduga merupakan faktor risiko keluhan penglihatan pada pekerja bengkel las yaitu masa kerja, lama paparan, alat pelindung mata<strong>. </strong>Tujuan Penelitian adalah mengetahui faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan keluhan penglihatan pada pekerja bengkel las Kota Bengkulu. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian analitik kuantitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan <em>cross sectional.</em> Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan analisis <em>univariat</em> dan <em>bivariat </em>dan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel distribusi frekuensi, uji statistik dan narasi. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan distribusi frekuensi masa kerja &gt; 3 tahun (54,75%), lama paparan &gt; 4 jam (60,4%), APM kacamata gelap biasa (83%), ada keluhan penglihatan (59,4%) dan menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara masa kerja dengan keluhan penglihatan yaitu (ρ value=0,046), lama paparan yaitu (ρ value=0,027). Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara alat pelindung mata dengan keluhan penglihatan yaitu (ρ value=0,917). Bagi pekerja bengkel las diharapkan untuk menggunakan APD sesuai standar agar dapat menghindari kecelakaan kerja atau penyakit akibat kerja.</p>

Epidemiological findings of childhood ocular trauma in a public hospital in Colombia

Background Eye injury is a serious worldwide public health problem that may cause blindness. In children, blindness has functional impact and psychosocial implications. As indicated in many worldwide studies, identification of risk factors associated with the socio-cultural context may prevent eye injuries. The objetive of the study is to describe the sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric eye injury and its effects on ocular structures in a public hospital from Colombia. Method A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2017, in a tertiary public hospital of a medium-sized city located in the Northeast of Colombia. Children under 15 years old with trauma to the eyeball or its adnexa were included. The Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETTS) was used. Eye burns and Ocular adnexa were also included. Results 61 cases of eye injuries were recorded, 67.21% (41 cases) of which were males. 57.37% (35 cases) corresponded to closed-globe injuries both contusion and lamellar laceration. Visual acuity fluctuated between 20/20 and 20/40. 14.75% (9 cases) were open-globe injuries while 50% (4 cases) were penetrating trauma. 27.86% of the injuries (17 cases) did not directly compromise the eyeball, 58.82% (10 of these cases) of which corresponded to eyelid wounds, and neither of those had visual acuity information. Conclusion The study showed that the majority of eye injuries in children under 15 years old, from a public hospital in the Northeast of Colombia, are closed globe, caused by blows, and occur in males.