Serine/Glycine Lipid Recovery in Lipid Extracts From Healthy and Diseased Dental Samples: Relationship to Chronic Periodontitis

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease but the identity of the TLR2 agonists has been an evolving story. The serine/glycine lipids produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis are reported to engage human TLR2 and will promote the production of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines. This investigation compared the recovery of serine/glycine lipids in periodontal organisms, teeth, subgingival calculus, subgingival plaque, and gingival tissues, either from healthy sites or periodontally diseased sites. Lipids were extracted using the phospholipid extraction procedure of Bligh and Dyer and were analyzed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for all serine/glycine lipid classes identified to date in P. gingivalis. Two serine/glycine lipid classes, Lipid 567 and Lipid 1256, were the dominant serine/glycine lipids recovered from oral Bacteroidetes bacteria and from subgingival calculus samples or diseased teeth. Lipid 1256 was the most abundant serine/glycine lipid class in lipid extracts from P. gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia whereas Lipid 567 was the most abundant serine/glycine lipid class recovered in Capnocytophaga species and Porphyromonas endodontalis. Serine/glycine lipids were not detected in lipid extracts from Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, or Fusobacterium nucleatum. Lipid 1256 was detected more frequently and at a significantly higher mean level in periodontitis tissue samples compared with healthy/gingivitis tissue samples. By contrast, Lipid 567 levels were essentially identical. This report shows that members of the Bacteroidetes phylum common to periodontal disease sites produce Lipid 567 and Lipid 1256, and these lipids are prevalent in lipid extracts from subgingival calculus and from periodontally diseased teeth and diseased gingival tissues.

IL-8 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Periodontitis and Its Inhibition by Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester In Vitro

Salivary levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) are elevated in patients with periodontitis. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) improves the periodontal status in subjects. However, whether CAPE can reduce IL-8 expression is unclear. We collected saliva to determine proinflammatory cytokine levels and used subgingival calculus and surrounding tissues from patients with periodontitis for oral microbiota analysis via 16s ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. THP-1 cells were stimulated with sterile-filtered saliva from patients, and target gene/protein expression was assessed. IL-8 mRNA expression was analyzed in saliva-stimulated THP-1 cells treated with CAPE and the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor tin-protoporphyrin (SnPP). In 72 symptomatic individuals, IL-8 was correlated with periodontal inflammation (bleeding on probing, r = 0.45; p < 0.001) and disease severity (bleeding on probing, r = 0.45; p < 0.001) but not with the four oral microbiota species tested. Reduced salivary IL-8 secretion was correlated with effective periodontitis treatment (r = 0.37, p = 0.0013). In THP-1 cells, saliva treatment induced high IL-8 expression and IKK2 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) phosphorylation. However, the IKK inhibitor BMS-345541, NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082, and CAPE attenuated saliva-induced IL-8 expression. CAPE induced HO-1 expression and inhibited IKK2, IκBα, and NF-κB phosphorylation. Blocking HO-1 decreased the anti-inflammatory activity of CAPE. The targeted suppression of IL-8 production using CAPE reduces inflammation and periodontitis.

PERILAKU PEMELIHARAAN KESEHATAN GIGI DAN MULUT SERTA KONDISI JARINGAN PERIODONTAL PADA SISWA SMA NEGERI 1 SALEM

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran perilaku pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan kondisi jaringan periodontal pada Siswa SMA Negeri 1 Salem Kecamatan Salem Kabupaten Brebes. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional dengan metode deskriptif. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah Siswa Kelas XI IPS 1 SMA Negeri 1 Salem Kecamatan Salem Kabupaten Brebes yang berjumlah 36 orang, semua populasi dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian. Data primer yang diambil yaitu penyakit jaringan periodontal dan kebutuhan perawatan pada Siswa Kelas XI IPS 1 dengan pemeriksaan Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), pengolahan dan analisis data menggunakan distribusi frekuensi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: 1) Rata-rata kondisi jaringan periodontal siswa kelas XI IPS 1 SMAN 1 Salem berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) yaitu adanya subgingival calculus; 2) Rata-rata siswa kelas XI IPS 1 SMAN 1 Salem memiliki perilaku pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan kriteria sedang

Gingival Health Related to Intake of Different Types of Foods and Body Mass Index in 12-year-old Schoolchildren

Research on gingival health of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Costa Rica is scarce. Since nutrition is an integral component of oral health, this study aimed to determine gingival status of 12-year-olds at Carmen Lyra Public School, San José, Costa Rica, and correlate these variables with the frequency of intake of different types of food and body mass index (BMI (kg/m2)). Sixty-two 12-year-old schoolchildren were recruited. A periodontist assessed Plaque Index (Silness and Löe,1964), presence of calculus, and Gingival Index (Löe and Silness, 1967). Gingivitis was defined as the presence of bleeding on probing (BOP) on at least one site, and the extent was classified according to the percentage of teeth whose gingiva presented BOP limited: 25-49% of teeth tested; extensive >50% of teeth tested. A semi-quantified food consumption frequency questionnaire was administered. BMI was calculated for each participant. Overall Plaque Index was 1.18. Calculus was present on 40.40% of the sample, 19.4% had supragingival calculus and 21% had either supragingival/subgingival calculus or both. Presence of calculus was related with number of bleeding surfaces (p=0.030). Number of teeth with calculus was related to bleeding(p=0.029), and number of bleeding surfaces (p=0.009). Gingival Index was 0.97, mild gingivitis. Gingivitis was present on 96.8% of children examined. Limited gingivitis was present in 11.5% of children and extensive gingivitis in 88.5%. None of the variables measured differed by gender. No relationships were found between the consumption of starchy foods, animal and vegetable protein sources, fruit, vegetables, fast foods, sugar sweetened beverages and desserts with Plaque Index, calculus, Gingival Index, and BOP. Teeth calculus was related with being overweight (chi-square=0.038). BMI for males was 20.21 and females 20.11. BMI was not related to BOP or calculus. Within the limitations of this pilot study, we concluded the prevalence of gingivitis and calculus is high in the sample examined. A greater sample is needed to determine correlations between the frequency of foods evaluated and gingival health.

Prevalence and etiological factors of Piogenic Granuloma in gestants

Introduction: Neglect with oral health and hygiene will be reflected in the accumulation of biofilm and possible formation of supra and / or subgingival calculus, one of the etiological factors of Piogenic granuloma (PG). Objective: To investigate the prevalence and etiological factors of pyogenic granuloma in pregnant women. Method: The study was carried out on 102 pregnant women attending prenatal care in Family Health Strategies. The oral examination of the gingival tissue of the maxilla and the mandible was performed to evaluate the presence of PG, according to Neville et al classification, gingival bleeding, poorly adapted restorations, supra gingival calculus and residual roots. The chi-square test (χ2) was used to investigate the degree of association between variables. Results: Prevalence of PG was 1.96% (n = 2) in the third semester of pregnancy. No pregnant woman had received information about the condition during prenatal care. Regarding the quality of bucaL hygiene, in 63 pregnant women it was considered unsatisfactory, with plaque visible and supragingival tartar in both arches and satisfactory in 39, with supragingival tartar in the lingual of the antero-inferiors and in the vestibular face of the upper molars associated to plaque visible on all teeth. The chi-square test demonstrated a greater need for scaling and corono-root straightening and removal of residual roots when associated with the pregnancy condition. Conclusions: The prevalence of pyogenic granuloma was 1.9% during the third trimester of gestation. As an etiological factor, the presence of too much dental calculus and visible plaque in both arches was found in 61.7% of the pregnant women.

Adult Patient Risk Stratification Using a Risk Score for Periodontitis

Background: There is a need for analytical tools predicting the risk of periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to estimate and evaluate a risk score for prediction of periodontitis. Materials and methods: This case-cohort study included a random sample of 155 cases (with periodontitis) and 175 controls (randomly sampled from the study population at baseline) that were followed for 3-year. A logistic regression model was used with estimation of the risk ratio (RR) for each potential predictor. Results: The risk model included the predictors “age > 53 years” (RR = 0.53), “smoking” (RR = 2.9), “gingivitis at baseline” (RR = 3.1), “subgingival calculus at baseline” (RR = 1.9), “history of periodontitis” (RR = 2.3), and “less than 2 observations in the first year of follow-up” (RR = 3.7). Patients were distributed into three risk groups based on the preanalysis risk: low risk, moderate risk, and high risk. The risk score discrimination (95% confidence interval (CI)) was 0.75 (0.70; 0.80) (p < 0.001, C-statistic). Conclusions: The risk score estimated in the present study enabled to identify patients at higher risk of experiencing periodontitis and may be considered a useful tool for both clinicians and patients.