Gross, Microanatomical and Ultrastructural Studies of Interdigital Gland in Madras Red Sheep (Ovis aries)

Background: Madras Red sheep is a well-recognized meat type breed reared only on free range system to yield tasty meat. The aim of this study was to determine the gross, microanatomical and ultrastructural details of the interdigital gland in Madras Red sheep. Methods: The interdigital glands were removed immediately after slaughter and subjected for gross morphological, histological, immunohistochemical studies and ultrastructural observations. Result: The results revealed that a well-developed tobacco-pipe shaped interdigital gland was present in all the four limbs which was composed of an orifice, excretory duct, body and bent or flexure. Histologically, wall of the gland was composed of epidermis, dermis and capsule from within outward. Epidermis was made of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Dermis was composed of dense irregular connective tissue with sweat, sebaceous glands, arrectores pili muscle and hair follicles were embedded within. The sweat gland appeared as group of tortuous tubules under scanning electron microscope. The oily secretion of the gland helps in maintaining the healthiness of foot during movement of the animal.

Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii do not suppress ovarian cyclicity and pregnancy in cattle: case report

ABSTRACT Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii is an ovarian pathologic change characterized by replacement of the normal single layered cuboidal epithelium of the rete ovarii by a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Uterus and ovaries from a local slaughterhouse pregnant crossbreed cow were evaluated through ultrasound, macroscopically and histologically. Grossly, there were multiple cysts in both ovaries, which were histologically characterized as rete ovarii cysts with squamous metaplasia and intraluminal accumulation of keratinized material. Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii has been previously reported in cows, however this is the first report of this condition in a pregnant animal, demonstrating that this ovarian change is compatible with pregnancy.

Endoscopic features of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in patients with very low risk factors (female, non-drinking, and non-smoking): a case-control study

Background: Although esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is more likely to develop in patients with any risk factor (male, drinking, or smoking), it is sometimes detected in patients with very low risk factors (female, non-drinking, and non-smoking). We examined the endoscopic features of superficial esophageal squamous carcinoma in patients with very low risk factors. Methods: In this single-center case-control study, 666 patients with 666 superficial esophageal squamous carcinoma lesions were divided into 2 groups: those with very low risk factors (very-low-risk group, n = 34) and those with any risk factors (any-risk group, n = 632). After case-control selection at a 1:5 ratio, the very-low-risk group comprised 34 patients and the any-risk group comprised 170 patients. We compared the baseline characteristics, endoscopic findings, and treatment results (including pathological diagnosis) between the two groups. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in age, tumor size, tumor location, tumor morphology, or treatment results (including tumor depth and lymphovascular invasion). A longitudinal lesion with an attachment of white keratinized epithelium was more likely to be detected in the very-low-risk group than any-risk group (61.8% versus 17.6%, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in patients with very low risk factors is rare but can be encountered in daily practice. A longitudinal lesion with an attachment of white keratinized epithelium is its main characteristic, which is slightly different from that of patients with any risk factors.

Comparative Anatomical, Light and Scanning Electron Microscopical Studies Between Intromittent and Non-Intromittent Typed Phallus of Domestic Goose (Anser anser domestica) and Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo domestica)

The work applied on the phallus of the adult goose and turkey to give knowledge for the phallus functional morphology and the mechanism of copulation of these domestic birds. It helped the surgical interfering of the wild geese and the artificial insemination in the turkey for commercial production. The phallus of the goose and the phallic bodies of the turkey were demonstrated by anatomical, histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopy to compare the micromorphological features. The goose has an intromittent type phallus. It consisted of inner glandular part and outer cutaneous one. The former lined by mucous secretory cells, while the later cover externally by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. The turkey phallus was a non-intromittent type. It composed of a median phallic furrow on the crest at the ventral vent lip and flanked on either side by lateral phallic bodies. The later lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized and supported by longitudinal oriented skeletal muscle which circular in the furrow between two phallic bodies. Additionally, lymphatic aggregation was observed in phallus of two birds. This study helped in comparative studies and surgical operations.

Nasal Conchae in Nandanam Chicken- Gross, Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

Unlike mammals, birds have a unique respiratory tract that conditioning of inspired air takes place only within the nasal cavity alone. Nasal conchae are scroll-like structures situated on either side of the nasal cavity and lined by mucous membrane. Nasal conchae perform this function by counter-current heat exchange mechanism. The study was performed to document the gross and histoarchitectural details of rostral, middle and caudal conchae in Nandanam Chicken. The framework of the conchae is made of hyaline cartilage. The mucosa is lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar and olfactory epithelium in rostral, middle and caudal conchae respectively. Intraepithelial glands are made of mucus type in rostral and middle conchae serous variety located in propria-submucosa in caudal concha. Nasal cavity associated lymphoid tissue is made of CD3+ T lymphocytes

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Nasopalatine duct cyst is the most common developmental non-odontogenic cysts seen in the midline region of anterior maxilla. An epithelial remnant of the nasopalatine ducts remain in the incisive canal is the most common etiology. Nasopalatine duct cysts are generally asymptomatic and infrequently produce a swelling and associated pain in the anterior palate if secondarily infected. On radiograph it presents with a welldefined round, oval or heart shaped radiolucency. Histopathologically it shows non-keratinized epithelium typically with neurovascular bundles in the connective tissue capsule. Surgical enucleation is the treatment of choice. In the present case report clinical features, diagnosis and management of nasopalatine duct cyst in a 23-year-old male in the anterior maxillary palatal region is discussed.

Wound healing and fibrosis: a contrasting role for periostin in skin and the oral mucosa

Both skin and oral mucosa are characterized by the presence of keratinized epithelium in direct apposition to an underlying collagen-dense connective tissue. Despite significant overlap in structure and physiological function, skin and the oral mucosa exhibit significantly different healing profiles in response to injury. The oral mucosa has a propensity for rapid restoration of barrier function with minimal underlying fibrosis, but in contrast, skin is associated with slower healing and scar formation. Modulators of cell function, matricellular proteins have been shown to play significant roles in cutaneous healing, but their role in restoration of the oral mucosa is poorly defined. As will be discussed in this review, over the last 12 years our research group has been actively investigating the role of the profibrotic matricellular protein periostin in tissue homeostasis and fibrosis, as well as healing, in both skin and gingiva. In the skin, periostin is highly expressed in fibrotic scars and is upregulated during cutaneous wound repair, where it facilitates myofibroblast differentiation. In contrast, in gingival healing, periostin regulates extracellular matrix synthesis but does not appear to be associated with the transition of mesenchymal cells to a contractile phenotype. The significance of these findings will be discussed, with a focus on periostin as a potential therapeutic to augment healing of soft tissues or suppress fibrosis.

Correlation between salivary estrogen levels and oral epithelial cytokeratin 5 expression

Background: Estrogen expression levels may be associated with age and may affect keratinization of the hard palate. Keratinized epithelium expresses cytokeratin 5 and 14 in the basal layer. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the levels of salivary estrogen and number of cytokeratin 5-positive oral epithelial cells. Methods: A total of 30 female subjects were recruited and divided into children, adults and elderly (N=10 per group). Salivary estrogen levels and cytokeratin 5-expressing oral epithelial cells were assessed using ELISA and immunohistological methods, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with post hoc LSD test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed that both the number of cytokeratin 5-positive cells and the level of salivary estrogen were significantly higher in adults but decreased in the elderly, as compared with those in children (p<0.05). Furthermore, the levels of salivary estrogen were significantly correlated with the number of cytokeratin 5-positive cells (r=0.815). The ANOVA result showed significance difference cytokeratin 5 expression and estrogen level (p<0.05). The post hoc LSD test revealed cytokeratin 5 expression and estrogen level to be significantly different in children, adults, and elderly participants (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that the profile of salivary estrogen and oral epithelial cell-expressed cytokeratin 5 may be positively correlated with age and depend on age.

Correlation between salivary estrogen levels and oral epithelial cytokeratin 5 expression

Background: Estrogen expression levels may be associated with age and may affect keratinization of the hard palate. Keratinized epithelium expresses cytokeratin 5 and 14 in the basal layer. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the levels of salivary estrogen and number of cytokeratin 5-positive oral epithelial cells. Methods: A total of 30 female subjects were recruited and divided into children, adults and elderly (N=10 per group). Salivary estrogen levels and cytokeratin 5-expressing oral epithelial cells were assessed using ELISA and immunohistological methods, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with post hoc LSD test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed that both the number of cytokeratin 5-positive cells and the level of salivary estrogen were significantly higher in adults but decreased in the elderly, as compared with those in children (p<0.05). Furthermore, the levels of salivary estrogen were significantly correlated with the number of cytokeratin 5-positive cells (r=0.815). The ANOVA result showed significance difference cytokeratin 5 expression and estrogen level (p<0.05). The post hoc LSD test revealed cytokeratin 5 expression and estrogen level to be significantly different in children, adults, and elderly participants (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that the profile of salivary estrogen and oral epithelial cell-expressed cytokeratin 5 may be positively correlated with age and depend on age.

Comparative Anatomical, Light and Scanning Electron Microscopical Studies Between Intromittent and Non-Intromittent Typed Phallus of Domestic Goose (Anser anser domestica) and Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo domestica)

The work applied on the phallus of the adult goose and turkey to give knowledge for the phallus functional morphology and the mechanism of copulation of these domestic birds. It helped the surgical interfering of the wild geese and the artificial insemination in the turkey for commercial production. The phallus of the goose and the phallic bodies of the turkey were demonstrated by anatomical, Histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopy to compare the micromorphological features. The goose has an intromittent type phallus. It consisted of inner glandular part and outer cutaneous one. The former lined by mucous secretory cells, while the later cover externally by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. The turkey phallus was a non-intromittent type. It composed of a median phallic furrow on the crest at the ventral vent lip and flanked on either side by lateral phallic bodies. The later lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized and supported by longitudinal oriented skeletal muscle which circular in the furrow between two phallic bodies. Additionally, lymphatic aggregation observed in phallus of two birds. This study helped in comparative studies and surgical operations.