Shedding Light on Roman Glass Consumption on the Western Coast of the Black Sea

The chemical composition of 48 glass finds from Histria and Tomis, Romania, chiefly dated to the 1st–4th c. AD, was determined using prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) at the Budapest Neutron Centre (BNC). Most fragments have composition typical for the Roman naturally colored blue-green-yellow (RNCBGY) glass; Mn-colorless, Sb-colorless, and Sb–Mn colorless glass finds were evidenced, too. Several Foy Série 2.1 and Foy Série 3.2 glass fragments, as well as an HIMT and a plant ash glass sample, were identified in the studied assemblage. The archaeological evidence, the glass working waste items, and the samples with compositional patterns suggestive of recycling are proofs of the secondary glass working activities at Tomis during the Early Roman Empire period.

The Appropriate Way to Serve Butterfly Pea Flower Drink at Home

This study conducted to find the appropriate way to serve butterfly pea flower drink at home. The colorless, red, purple, and green transparent glass and colorless glass covered by aluminum foil used to contain four grams butterfly pea petal. A 250 ml of boiling water poured to the glass to soak the petal for 60 minutes. The color intensity and total anthocyanin of the liquid measured every five minutes. The regression slope analysis exhibited that light gave no significant decrease in color intensity and total anthocyanin. About 83% of color and anthocyanin extracted within 5 minutes. There was no significant increase of the color and anthocyanin after 30 minutes. Therefore, the maceration of butterfly pea flower in boiling water for five minutes was appropriate to serve the drink. Furthermore, to reach the maximum color and anthocyanin content the 30 minutes maceration is needed. The maximum anthocyanin content of the drink was 19.57 ± 1.16 mg/l or equal to 1.22 ± 0.07 mg per gram fresh petal.

Compressive strength measurement for cement replacement with recycled glass in concrete

The most important environmental constraints at the present timeis the accumulation of glass waste (transparent glass bottles). A lot ofexperiments and research have been made on waste and recyclingglass to get use it as much as possible. This research using recyclingof locally waste colorless glass to turn them into raw materials asalternative of certain percentages of cement to save the environmentfrom glass waste and reduce some of the disadvantages of cementwith conserving the mechanical and physical properties of concretemade. A set of required samples were prepared for mechanical testwith different weight percentage of waste glass (2%, 4%, 5%, 6%,8%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%). American standard for calibration(ASTM C109 / C109M-02) to measure the compressive strengthwhere the results showed that the Maximum compressive strengthwas obtained at the low weight percentage replacement 2%, 4% and5% 6% which is 67.12, 69.24, 62.56 and 59.96 Mpa respectively. fororiginally mix recorded bending resistance (54.16) Mpa.

Drinking the Wine

The bottled beverage before you is to be opened. This work has already described the bottle (colorless or not), the closure (screw cap, synthetic cork and cork), and the contents (the wine). If the wine is not a table wine (vin ordinaire or vin de pays) which is simply enjoyed in a family or informal surrounding where the details of the container into which it is poured are less important, then it is generally found that: (a) clear colorless glass or crystal is used so that the visual appeal of the beverage can be enjoyed; (b) the bowls of wine glasses (except for sparkling wines and dessert wines) will be tapered upward from the stem into a bulbous shape which diminishes again at the top; and (c) the rim of the glass will be thin enough to allow it to be unnoticed when the wine is sipped. It is held that these are important, and in particular, the shape of the glass helps retain the more volatile constituents for the consumer’s enjoyment. Bowls used in glasses for red wines are more rounded so that when half full, the surface area is large. For white wines, this is considered less important, and of course, for Champagne and other sparkling wines, where conical flutes are used, a small surface area is avoided to enhance the flow of bubbles. As the wine briefly stands, perhaps having been swirled, it is often found that “legs” or “tears” of wine are seen to form on the wall above the surface. Their appearance is, in part, a function of temperature as well as the alcohol content of the wine and the resulting surface tension of the liquid. Then, using capillary action, the liquid climbs the side of the glass. Both alcohol and water evaporate, but the alcohol evaporates faster, so more liquid is drawn up from the bulk. The wine thus moves up the side of the glass and forms droplets that run back down the glass.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTENSITY OF LEADING TARNED DISPLAYED GLASS BY FLUOROCHLORINE-CONTAINING GAS-SHAPING REAGENTS

The aim of the undertaken experiments was to determine the factors affecting the process of dealkalization of container colorless glass with fluorine–and chlorine–containing gaseous reagents.The subjects of investigation were various types containers (bottles, jars and flasks) of colorless glass. Hydrogen chloride, difluorodichloro-methane and difluorochloromethane and mixtures of these reagents with sulfur dioxide were used for the chemical treatment of glass. We have investigated the influence of the following factors on the process of dealkalization of container colorless glass with fluorine–and chlorine–containing reagents: temperature, chemical compositions of the gas medium, duration of the thermochemical treatment, concentration and humidity of gaseous reagent, re-peated thermal treatment and surface state of the samples

Durability of Mortar Made with Fine Glass Powdered Particles

Different studies investigate the use of waste glass in Portland cement compounds, either as aggregates or as supplementary cementitious materials. Nevertheless, it seems that there is no consensus about the influence of particle color and size on the behavior of the compounds. This study addresses the influence of cement replacement by 10 and 20% of the colorless and amber soda-lime glass particles sized around 9.5 μm on the performance of Portland cement mortars. Results revealed that the partial replacement of cement could contribute to the production of durable mortars in relation to the inhibition of the alkali-aggregate reaction. This effect was more marked with 20% replacement using amber glass. Samples containing glass microparticles were more resistant to corrosion, in particular those made of colorless glass. The use of colorless and amber glass microparticles promoted a reduction in wear resistance.

Optical, Dielectric and X-Ray Absorption Properties of Soda-Based Glass Fabricated from Thai Quartz Sands Doped with Iron Oxide

Soda-based glass samples were fabricated in a laboratory scale using quartz sands that was a by-product of feldspar floatation in Tak Province, northern Thailand, and 25-wt% commercial-grade Na2CO3 as the main compositions. Fe2O3 of 0.1 to 10.0 wt% concentrations was doped into the glass mixture. Well-mixed and dried powders were melted in a ceramic crucible for 6 h at 1250°C using an electric furnace. Transparent and bubble-free glass samples were obtained as results. It was found that Fe2O3 dopant turned the otherwise colorless glass to dark brown. Dielectric property and physical properties, such as, color, specific gravity, and refractive index of the glass samples were studied. The samples’ dielectric constant, specific gravity, and refractive index increased with increasing Fe2O3 doping concentration. UV-VIS-NIR and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectra were measured and discussed.

Correlation of a Tephra Layer in Western Greece with a Late Pleistocene Eruption in the Campanian Province of Italy

The Kalodiki fen is a 2-km2 mire in a small basin within a tectonic depression in Epirus, western Greece. Since the last glaciation the basin has been occupied by a freshwater lake and has accumulated as much as 9 m of peat, which continues to form today. A 10-cm-thick, light-brown to olive fine sandy layer appears in cores at depths ranging from 2.9 to 5.7 m. The sand fraction of this layer consists mostly of pumice fragments and brown and colorless glass shards with similar major-element compositions, and it also contains crystal fragments of feldspars (mainly sanidine), ferromagnesian minerals, and probably sphene and apatite. The colorless glass has an index of refraction 1.519 ± 0.002. A sample of the overlying peat layer gave a minimum radiocarbon age of about 31,800 ± 1200 yr B.P. for the deposition of the tephra. The likely age of the tephra, its index of refraction, and its mineralogical and chemical characteristics display strong similarities to tephra from the Campanian province of Italy. Mineralogically similar tephra layers have also been reported from a peat deposit at Philippi, in northeastern Greece.