Understanding the Influence of Rock Content on Streaming Potential Phenomenon of Soil–Rock Mixture: An Experimental Study

To applicate streaming potential phenomenon to study the seepage feature in the soil–rock mixture (SRM), research on the variation in the streaming potential phenomenon of SRM is the precondition. This paper deals, in assistance with the streaming potential test apparatus, with the streaming potential effect response of SRM subjected to different rock contents. The test results show that when the rock content increases from 10% to 30%, the streaming potential coupling coefficient increases with the increases in rock content at 85% compactness and 0.01 mol L−1 salinity. When the rock content is more than 30%, the streaming potential coupling coefficient decreases with the increases in rock content. As the rock content increases, the permeability coefficient has a negative correlation with the streaming potential coupling coefficient. The streaming potential increases first and then goes down with the increases in rock content, and the streaming potential decreases significantly when the rock content exceeds 50%. The findings indicate that the rock content is the key structural factor that restricts the streaming potential phenomenon of the SRM.

Screens

Chapter 2 focuses on the experience of using three types of personal screens: mobile phones, personal computers, and television sets. The survey shows that age trumps socioeconomic status and gender as the main structural factor in who accesses which devices and how frequently they are used. The interviews reveal the centrality of the meanings interviewees attribute to their different devices, and that orient their experiences of them. Thus, to many interviewees the mobile phone has become a prosthetic, an artificial body part with which they have a difficult time parting; the computer a tool they use primarily for work or study or both; and, the television set a companion, often turned on but in the background. The phone’s prosthetic quality is tied to the significant level of attachment people feel to the device. The chapter ends with a discussion about how the uptake of mobile phones is tied to a reconstitution of sociality.

Variations in Member State Use of Preliminary References

Chapter 2 analyses the variations in frequency of preliminary references to the European Court of Justice from the different Member States. This analysis focuses upon two factors; firstly the structural factor that a relevant case must be pending before a national court in an EU Member State (structural factor), and secondly a behavioural factor that the national judge/judges hearing the national case must choose to make a preliminary reference (behavioural factor). The chapter determines each of these two factors and it concludes that about three-quarters of the total variation in preliminary references across Member States can be explained exclusively on the basis of total number of cases (a component of the structural factor). If we fully account for the structural factor and also account for the component whether the Member States may be categorised as either civil law or common law we are able to explain almost 90% of the total variation.

MODEL REPRESENTATIONS OF THE MELTS STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION BY THE MODEL OF HARD SPHERES

In the article the optimization of the oil and gas enterprise, a complex process both from the technological and from the economic point of view is investigated. It is noted that today the development of methods of mathematical modeling of physical processes, for example, in oil fields on the basis of theoretical research and modern computer technology is absolutely relevant One of the ways is to create new or improve existing mathematical models of processes occurring in oil and gas reservoirs, and calculate on their basis the characteristics of the process that optimize production. From this perspective, the study appears particularly relevant liquids in a narrow, purely physical and chemical aspects – namely melt. Various fluid models have been proposed to describe the equilibrium and kinetic properties of liquids (melts), as well as to interpret experimental results. Model representations are also used in solving integrodifferential equations that relate distribution functions to interaction potentials. It is noted that integrodifferential equations are a powerful mathematical algorithm for describing inhomogeneous dynamic models, but they depend directly on the efficiency of software that implements the proposed models. The model of hard spheres as simple fluid model proposed use. The reasons that allow you to choose this model as optimal were defined. Namely: the presence of analytical expression for the structural factor; application to describe the electronic and atomic properties of melts. The optimal methods for obtaining optimal values for the theoretical calculation of the structural factor of the proposed model were determined. As a result of the analysis of existence of correspondence between the calculated and experimental structural factors it is established. This led to the conclusion that the possibility of applying the model of rigid to calculate the equilibrium and kinetic properties of melts exists. It is determined that the model of rigid spheres could be used as an approximation to describe the structure of both one-component and multicomponential melts (liquids).

To the issue of oil and gas potential in the decompression zones of the Dnieper-Donets depression

Formulation of the problem. Currently, interest in the foundation as a gas and oil field facility has increased significantly. The low efficiency of oil and gas exploration in the basement rocks is usually explained by the absence of a generally accepted hypothesis about the genesis of oil and gas and as a result of migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons. One of the main factors of accumulation is the presence of decompression zones of the foundation, as potential hydrocarbon traps. The article is devoted to the problem of identifying oil and gas bearing zones of foundation decompression. Analysis of recent research and publications. A number of scientific articles on the composition, age, structure and oil and gas potential of the foundation are analyzed. The first step in identifying decompression zones is to conduct gravimetric and magnetic surveys and apply various techniques to interpret the resulting mathematical model of the wave field pattern in order to localize the sources of its anomalies. Identification of previously unresolved parts of a common problem. In order to save money when conducting prospecting and exploration for oil and gas, the foundation proposes an improvement in the methodology for separating gas-bearing “vaulted” parts of decompression zones. Formation of the purpose of the article. The aim of the work is to establish a seismic pattern of anomalies in the geophysical fields of the base decompression zones. The object of research is the zone of decompression of the foundation on the northern side of the Dnieper-Donets depression. The subject of the study is a seismic drawing of the anomaly of the geophysical field of the gas-bearing zone of decompression of the foundation of the Rozsoshinsk structure. Report of the main material. The article analyzes a few materials to identify areas of base decompaction in various oil and gas regions. It was found that for localization of decompression zones, the Berezkin “singular points” method and the correlation method of separation of geophysical anomalies are most effective. The essence of these methods is a kind of filtering of field anomalies, where against the background of the "structural" factor, one can distinguish the "non-structural factor", i.e. decompression zone. This zone in wave fields (∆g and ∆Т) is fixed by a seismic pattern, where minima are usually fixed over hydrocarbon accumulations in relation to contouring maxima. Based on the results of the application of these methods, the structure-testing ground of the gas-bearing decompression zone is established. As an illustrative example of the successful localization of ∆g and ∆Т, data are presented on modeling the foundation softening zone in one of the oil and gas regions of the northern side of the Dnieper-Donets depression.

Colloidal Synthesis of Au Nanomaterials with Controlled Morphology and Crystal Phase via the [Au(I)-oleylamine] Complex

Colloidal gold (Au) with fine controlled nanostructure possesses unique physicochemical properties and great potentials in a variety of applications. Recently, crystal phase emerged as an important structural factor of Au...

Group Epistemology and Structural Factors in Online Group Polarization

There have been many discussions recently from philosophers, cognitive scientists, and psychologists about group polarization, with online and social media environments in particular receiving a lot of attention, both because of people's increasing reliance on such environments for receiving and exchanging information and because such environments often allow individuals to selectively interact with those who are like-minded. My goal here is to argue that the group epistemologist can facilitate understanding the kinds of factors that drive group polarization in a way that has been overlooked by the existing research. Specifically, I argue that polarization can occur in part because of the ways that members of a group treat the group itself (as opposed to an individual member within that group) as a source of information, and in doing so makes their own position, as well as that of the group, more extreme. I refer to this as a structural factor in driving polarization, and argue that such factors can contribute to explanations of polarization that occurs specifically in an important subset of groups, namely online and social media groups in which little is known about other members within the group, what I refer to as anonymous, semi-anonymous and pseudonymous (ASAP) groups.

Effect of surface charge self-organization on gate-induced 2D electron and hole systems

A simple model has been suggested for describing self-organization of localized charges and quantum scattering in undoped GaAs/AlGaAs structures with 2D electron or hole gas created by applying respective gate bias. It has been assumed that these metal / dielectric / undoped semiconductor structures exhibit predominant carrier scattering at localized surface charges which can be located at any point of the plane imitating the GaAs / dielectric interface. The suggested model considers all these surface charges and respective image charges in metallic gate as a closed thermostated system. Electrostatic self-organization in this system has been studied numerically for thermodynamic equilibrium states using the Metropolis algorithm over a wide temperature range. We show that at T > 100 K a simple formula derived from the theory of single-component 2D plasma yields virtually the same behavior of structural factor at small wave numbers as the one given by the Metropolis algorithm. The scattering times of gate-induced carriers are described with formulas in which the structural factor characterizes frozen disorder in the system. The main contribution in these formulas is due to behavior of the structural factor at small wave numbers. Calculation using these formulas for the case of disorder corresponding to infinite T has yielded 2–3 times lower scattering times than experimentally obtained ones. We have found that the theory agrees with experiment at disorder freezing temperatures T ≈ 1000 K for 2D electron gas specimen and T ≈ 700 K for 2D hole gas specimen. These figures are the upper estimates of freezing temperature for test structures since the model ignores all the disorder factors except temperature.