Intellectual Property Theft Protection in IoT Based Precision Agriculture Using SDN

In this work, we examine the privacy and safety issues of Internet of Things (IoT)-based Precision Agriculture (PA), which could lead to the problem that industry is currently experiencing as a result of Intellectual Property Theft (IPT). Increasing IoT-based information flow in PA will make a system less secure if a proper security mechanism is not ensured. Shortly, IoT will transform everyday lives with its applications. Intellectual Property (IP) is another important concept of an intelligent farming system. If the IP of a wise farming system leaks, it damages all intellectual ideas like cultivation patterns, plant variety rights, and IoT generated information of IoT-based PA. Thus, we proposed an IoT enabled SDN gateway regulatory system that ensures control of a foreign device without having access to sensitive farm information. Most of the farm uses its devices without the use of its integrated management and memory unit. An SDN-based structure to solve IP theft in precision farming has been proposed. In our proposed concept, a control system integrates with the cloud server, which is called the control hub. This hub will carry out the overall PA monitoring system. By hiring the farm devices in the agricultural system, these devices must be tailored according to our systems. Therefore, our proposed PA is a management system for all controllable inputs. The overall goal is to increase the probability of profit and reduce the likelihood of IPT. It does not only give more information but also improves information securely by enhancing the overall performance of PA. Our proposed PA architecture has been measured based on the throughput, round trip time, jitter, packet error rate, and the cumulative distribution function. Our achieved results reduced around (1.66–6.46)% compared to the previous research. In the future, blockchain will be integrated with this proposed architecture for further implementation.

P3-MSDA: Multi-Source Domain Adaptation Network for Dynamic Visual Target Detection

Single-trial electroencephalogram detection has been widely applied in brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. Moreover, an individual generalized model is significant for applying the dynamic visual target detection BCI system in real life because of the time jitter of the detection latency, the dynamics and complexity of visual background. Hence, we developed an unsupervised multi-source domain adaptation network (P3-MSDA) for dynamic visual target detection. In this network, a P3 map-clustering method was proposed for source domain selection. The adversarial domain adaptation was conducted for domain alignment to eliminate individual differences, and prediction probabilities were ranked and returned to guide the input of target samples for imbalanced data classification. The results showed that individuals with a strong P3 map selected by the proposed P3 map-clustering method perform best on the source domain. Compared with existing schemes, the proposed P3-MSDA network achieved the highest classification accuracy and F1 score using five labeled individuals with a strong P3 map as the source domain. These findings can have a significant meaning in building an individual generalized model for dynamic visual target detection.

Time and Spatial Jitter Influence on the Performance of FSO Links with DF Relays and OC Diversity over Turbulence Channels

FSO communication is a viral technology among optical wireless communications, gathering the interest of both researchers and manufacturers. This is because of the many advantages associated with FSO communication, including high data rates, reliability, safety, and economy. However, there are several unavoidable drawbacks that shadow the performance of FSO systems. For example, atmospheric turbulence is a well-known problem related to the weather conditions of the channel, which causes the scintillation effect. Also, spatial jitter due to pointing errors is a critical factor of the link’s performance, caused by occasional misalignments between the transmitter and the receiver. Moreover, time jitter is another limiting agent that deteriorates the total throughput, inducing bit stream misdetections, caused by the arrival of out-of-sync pulses. All three effects have been exhaustively studied and many statistical models and interesting solutions have been proposed in the literature to estimate their magnitude and compensate for their impact. In this work, the turbulence effect was treated by Málaga distribution, the spatial jitter effect was regulated by the non-zero boresight model, and the time jitter effect was modeled by the generalized Gaussian distribution. Various modulation schemes were studied, along with DF multi-hop and optimal combining diversity techniques at the receiver’s end. New, accurate mathematical expressions of average BER performance have been obtained, and valuable conclusions were drawn thanks to the presented numerical results.

A 3.0 Gsymbol/s/lane MIPI C-PHY Receiver with Adaptive Level-Dependent Equalizer for Mobile CMOS Image Sensor

A 3.0 Gsymbol/s/lane receiver is proposed herein to acquire near-grounded high-speed signals for the mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) C-PHY version 1.1 specification used for CMOS image sensor interfaces. Adaptive level-dependent equalization is also proposed to improve the signal integrity of the high-speed receivers receiving three-level signals. The proposed adaptive level-dependent equalizer (ALDE) is optimized by adjusting the duty cycle ratio of the clock recovered from the received data to 50%. A pre-determined data pattern transmitted from a MIPI C-PHY transmitter is established to perform the adaptive level-dependent equalization. The proposed MIPI C-PHY receiver with three data lanes is implemented using a 65 nm CMOS process with a 1.2 V supply voltage. The power consumption and area of each lane are 4.9 mW/Gsymbol/s/lane and 0.097 mm2, respectively. The proposed ALDE improves the peak-to-peak time jitter of 12 ps and 34 ps, respectively, for the received data and the recovered clock at a symbol rate of 3 Gsymbol/s/lane. Additionally, the duty cycle ratio of the recovered clock is improved from 42.8% to 48.3%.

Effect of Auger recombination on transient optical properties in XUV and soft X-ray irradiated silicon nitride

Spatially encoded measurements of transient optical transmissivity became a standard tool for temporal diagnostics of free-electron-laser (FEL) pulses, as well as for the arrival time measurements in X-ray pump and optical probe experiments. The modern experimental techniques can measure changes in optical coefficients with a temporal resolution better than 10 fs. This, in an ideal case, would imply a similar resolution for the temporal pulse properties and the arrival time jitter between the FEL and optical laser pulses. However, carrier transport within the material and out of its surface, as well as carrier recombination may, in addition, significantly decrease the number of carriers. This would strongly affect the transient optical properties, making the diagnostic measurement inaccurate. Below we analyze in detail the effects of those processes on the optical properties of XUV and soft X-ray irradiated Si$${_3}$$ 3 N$$_4$$ 4 , on sub-picosecond timescales. Si$${_3}$$ 3 N$$_4$$ 4 is a wide-gap insulating material widely used for FEL pulse diagnostics. Theoretical predictions are compared with the published results of two experiments at FERMI and LCLS facilities, and with our own recent measurement. The comparison indicates that three body Auger recombination strongly affects the optical response of Si$${_3}$$ 3 N$$_4$$ 4 after its collisional ionization stops. By deconvolving the contribution of Auger recombination, in future applications one could regain a high temporal resolution for the reconstruction of the FEL pulse properties measured with a Si$${_3}$$ 3 N$$_4$$ 4 -based diagnostics tool.

100 kHz satellite laser ranging demonstration at Matera Laser Ranging Observatory

The new challenges related to the monitoring of Earth’s shape and motion have led the global geodetic observing system to set more stringent requirements on the precision and stability of the terrestrial reference frame (TRF). The achievement of this ambitious goal depends on the improvement of space geodesy techniques, satellite laser ranging (SLR) in particular, being the main instrument for TRF realization. In this work, we study the potential of very high repetition rate SLR by performing a data acquisition campaign with an Ekspla “Atlantic 60” 100 kHz repetition rate laser at the Matera Laser Ranging Observatory (MLRO). This system constitutes an increase of two orders of magnitude in repetition rate with respect to the current SLR stations, while maintaining a good single-shot timing performance. The system has been active for 4 consecutive nights, consistently tracking several low Earth orbit satellites as well as LAGEOS 1 and 2. The results have shown a single-shot time jitter close to other stations, but with unprecedented statistics for $$\approx 10$$ ≈ 10 ps single-shot precision. The analysis of the residuals of LAGEOS satellites allowed us to identify multiple peaks, due to the retroflection from different corner cubes. This opens up the possibility of attitude determination of retroreflector arrays, as well as a new method for spin rate measurement.