Official document: material/immaterial object or product of offenses of forged public acts. PART II

In this scientific approaches are pointed and characterized the internal (content) features of the official document: the material/immaterial object or product of the offence of forged public acts. The official document, regardless of its form, is characterized by a specific content. The specificity of this content is determined by: a) the particularity, according to which the official document is in circulation due to the exercise by public person or by person with a dignity position of their service attributions and b) the particularity, according to which the official document is an act with legal relevance, being apt to lead to the appearance, modification or termination of some legal relations. It is also pointed that in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Moldova, only the official document, not the private one can be a material/immaterial object or product of the offenses of forged public acts.

REFLECTIONS ON THE SUBJECT OF THE INFLUENCE PEDDLING (ART. 326 CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA)

This analysis focuses on one of the most complex and actual issues of the Special Part of the Penal Law: the penal liability for influence peddling, particularly the subject in the case of offenses of the influence peddling and the purchase of influence. In this sense, the subject of the crime provided in paragraph (1) article 326 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova is addressed in detail, which must be a person who has influence or who claims to have influence over a public person, persons with public dignity, foreign public figures or an international official. Thus, a person who has no influence or who does not claim to have influence over a public person, a person with a position of public dignity, foreign public figures or an international official can only contribute - through complicity, organization or instigation - upon execution of the objective side of the crime specified in paragraph (1) article 326 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova.

Grief and Emotional Suffering in the Elegiac Poems by Jeremias de Decker and Michiel de Swaen, c. 1650-1700

Both Protestantism and Catholicism of the seventeenth century experienced the influence of theology that stressed the importance of inner devotion, which went hand in hand with a strong emphasis on the emotional experience of faith. In dealing with death, however, the discourse of comfort was still dominant, designed to suppress the pain of loss rather than bringing that feeling to the fore. This ‘emotional regime’ also affected funeral elegiac poems in which feelings of joy and delight about the deceased’s heavenly destination dominate the initial period of grief. This article aims to understand whether these emotional regimes induced a form of emotional suffering and, if so, to what extent this was visible in contemporary funerary poetry: did, for example, it stick to grief and the inner pain of loss instead of suppressing it? The essay focuses on the elegiac poems by Jeremias de Decker (1609-1660) in the Dutch Republic and by Michiel de Swaen (1654-1707) in French Flanders. It examines the striking differences between the elegies written after the passing away of a public person, such as befriended priests and preachers, and the poems about a death in the private sphere in which poetry functioned more as a means of emotional refuge.

Publiskas personas neatbilstošas rīcības ar finanšu līdzekļiem ietekme

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the consequences and effect of inappropriate and unlawful management of financial resources and property by a public person. A management of financial resources and property by a public person is primarily assessed in the context if its action in the field of private law – by participating in commercial activities. This paper summarises the information about the effect and consequences brought about by operations with financial resources and property of public person by unlawful involvement in commercial activities, which the Competition Council has established in its practice.

Analiza wątków narracyjnych głównego wydania programów informacyjnych TVP1, TVN i Polsatu po zamachu na Pawła Adamowicza

Analysis of media reports after the attack and death of the president of the city of Gdańsk. The material is broadcasts created by the three largest television stations in Poland. The material analyzed is based on the following week’s major editions of news programs. Despite the declared political pluralism, the analysis of the material allows us to indicate the ideological deviation of the stations. An extreme situation, which is the attempt on the life of a public person, just like a lens, emphasizes the differences between government and private media.

ЯВИЩЕ ПУБЛІЧНОГО ДІЙСТВА В РЕАЛІЯХ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ПРИМУСУ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА

The article explores the phenomenon of public action as social coercion in modern media practices, whereby shaping the required behavior personal demonstrativeness and representation becomes a compulsory monad of a public person. It is argued that in a public environment, human identity is largely subject to manipulative influence and becomes a target of overt social coercion. If under the dominance of classical social philosophy the question could arise only about the determinants of the social essence of a person: an individual from society (E. Durkheim) or a society from individuals (M. Weber), the modern post-classical philosophy points to a new mode of existence of a social system – its complete domination of human consciousness.The coercion in one way or another has always been an element of social organization. Thus, in pre-class society, it was based on the authority of elders, tribal leaders, etc., and in the class society – on the authority of the state. Nowadays, the coercion is realized through the availability of mass communication and the imposition of certain communicative and public forms of personal representation. At the same time, the existence of a person with their own kind is always subject to established rules, which are the basic component of lifestyle. However, there remain many unsolved problems regarding the phenomenon of social coercion. Especially in terms of the behavior of the modern public person, which is focused on all and no one. For such a person, the public space becomes a large screen, on which it demonstrates a pseudo-identity, which quite easily and quickly overcomes the boundaries of privacy and even intimacy. The large part of today’s public informatization accounts for the Internet space, as an accessible space of social coercion, which, due to its constant updating and development, remains new, unexpected, and unusual. Corporal symbolism in public communication becomes biased exchange material, forms a clear system of necessary coded characters, marked by unification and excessive social demand. It is constantly remodeled in different combinations without losing the primary bodily "tracing paper", and is imposed exponentially by the same public space.The complete theoretical justification for the phenomenon of public action is associated with a specially organized drama theater, which originates in antiquity, liturgical drama, or miracle. Social coercion becomes that specific act of being, which has its own spatio-temporal boundaries, is revealed through behavior, consciousness and human activity, and just like publicity is revealed through things, objects, works, language forms, symbols and signs.The author argues that public demonstrative media practices, like modus of any coercion, are formed precisely in global public practices, integrally demonstrating public actions – the organization of political power, the legal and moral norms of society, socio-cultural values, while the nature of these trends is sometimes far-fetched, beneficial in communicative confrontation.There is an eternal opposition between internal and external in consideration of public action at the level of coercive practices: uniqueness, originality, standardization, cliche and openness, mass character, publicity, unification, standardization, pluralism, diversity. For a person, the primary discourse is non-public, a kind of internal, intellectual, moral, mysterious habitat, and only its secondary discourse can be associated with the public sphere, which is expressed in a person’s realization of their material and spiritual needs and values.Public actions of a public person become more and more asynchronous, pseudo-cyclical, non-linear, shifting ethical boundaries towards personal gain, social similarity, and social coercion. The corporal symbolism, as a technique of social coercion, becomes a biased exchange material and forms a clear system of necessary coded public signs, which are distinguished by their uniformity and excessive social demand. The Internet, as a space BETWEEN, draws the viewer into a large-scale performance in which a person feels their involvement in a certain group, which increases the sense of self significance, self-confidence, security. Public virtuality becomes a gallery of images of forced communicative play. And, such a game has a completely different character than in real life, it develops specific stereotypes of superficial behavior.

BUSINESS VS FRIENDLY LETTER UNDER THE PEN OF RUSSIAN CLASSICISTS (EPISTOLARY BY A. P. SUMAROKOV)

The article is devoted to the study of one of the milestones in the development of the genre of writing – the epistolary heritage of Russian classicists, in particular, A. P. Sumarokov, who was, as is known, among the largest representatives of classicism. Being engaged not only in literary practice, but also in theory, he himself brought writing outside of literature, described it in the treatise «On the Russian Language», while literary genres – in the treatise «On Poetry». This freed the author-epistolographer from complying with the requirements of classicism, gave freedom unknown to others – literary genres proper. At the same time, it didn’t reduce writing to an everyday or business text, firstly, due to the fact that there was a continuous mutual influence of the genres of writing and a poetic message, epistle, and secondly, due to the fact that the letters of writers a priori had aesthetic value. Thus, taken outside the bounds of literature, writing was organically closely related to it, included in it. At first glance, the peripheral position of the epistolary genre in the era of classicism turned out to be privileged and very promising. One of the varieties of the epistolary genre, the friendly letter, had particular prospects during the 18th century influenced other species. Business letter was no exception, including the business letter of the classicists. Thus, the business letters of A. P. Sumarokov, addressed to both dignitaries and the empress, were strongly influenced by a friendly letter. It seems that he appealed to the traditions of the latter, consciously or not, wishing to overcome the split of his «I», which is very tangible in his business epistolography. The image of the author seems to be twofold in it, in many respects in accordance with the aesthetics of classicism. On the one hand, Sumarokov positions himself as a «public person»: a recognized, talented writer, theater director, citizen, selflessly serving the motherland. On the other hand, as a «natural person»: helpless, lonely, suffering from a lack of money, energy, time, from undeserved grievances, injustice, misunderstanding, etc. According to the logic of classicism, a «social person» must prevail over the «natural», unpatriotic position, selfishness, weaknesses and passions of which are shameful. Perhaps, only the epistolary genre gave the author the possibility of a different intention – gaining the wholeness of his «I» not by suppressing the «natural person» in himself and strengthening the «social», but by «balancing» both hypostases. Sumarokov tries to realize this intention through the actualization of the features of a friendly letter that is authentic for two facets of his «I»: if a «public person» by his activities in the literary and civil field deserves friendly communication «on equal terms» with any high-ranking addressee, then a «natural person» deserves it is communication with your personal qualities. In addition, the fate of the author depends on the addressee vested with power: the first can solve the problems of the second, – therefore, it is in a business letter that Sumarokov actualizes the features of a friendly letter. As a result, a kind of friendly-business hybrid is created under his pen, promising for the further development of the epistolary genre.

History Through the Prism of V.V. Rozanov’s Views and Myth-Creating

The article analyzes V.V. Rozanov’s conceptions of antiquity, Middle Ages and new history. Rozanov singles out three periods of Russian history – Kiev, Vladimir-Moscow and Petersburg ones. The essence of each of those periods the philosopher consecutively correlates with adoption of Christianity, political organization formation and the beginning of individual creative work dominance. While interpreting his contemporary events as a public person and a journalist, Rozanov regards earlier epochs from the position of a myth-creator. The diverse historical process gives way to the literary and static image of the epoch. The author of the article pays special attention to how Rozanov characterizes historical personalities, to his views on the role of religion, state, bureaucracy and parliamentarism.