History and Philosophy of Bioprospecting in Bangladesh

This chapter aims to explain the bioprospecting situation in Bangladesh from an analytical, philosophical, and indigenous standpoint. It has three parts: looking at the philosophical history of bioprospecting; looking at combining the concept of bioprospecting linked with forest and the indigenous people, which also shows the combination of the bioprospecting concept with the indigenous people in Bangladesh; and asking some question based on the critical analysis. Methodologically, this study aligns with the indigenous standpoint theory and critical discourse analysis, where mostly the authors adopted secondary data. The proposal—in effect—is like this: what needs to be done in the question appropriation and translation of indigenous knowledge particularly of the Rakhain people. Although the focus is Bangladesh, the authors believe that this situation exists in many countries. Therefore, this research may raise similar askings and can contribute to global efforts in this regard.

Black bodies at risk: Exploring the corporeal iconography of the anti-police brutality movement

Black bodies at risk are in constant conversation with each other. The Black witness who films a fatal police encounter on her phone is talking to the Black victim, promising not to leave him in his final moments. The distant Black witness who sees that video then talks back to the witness and the victim, creating powerful imagery that amplifies the tragic footage. In this manner, those working under the broad banner of the Black Lives Matter movement have reimagined a dynamic Black visual public sphere, where moral arguments about police brutality are sustained through an assemblage of strategic visual appeals. In this essay, I argue that this call-and-response of Black corporeal iconography forms the vanguard of embodied protest journalism in the 21st century. I explain how the concepts of “strong objectivity,” which is rooted in feminist standpoint theory, help validate and liberate the flesh witnessing of the marginalized. Moreover, I offer two broad categories of imagery that Black activists create most often in response to fatal police shootings: historic juxtapositions and symbolic deaths.

The Crisis Management Experiences of Female Media Leaders During The Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic entered Indonesia in February 2020, one month later most of the institutions changed their work policies. Business processes have also changed. Leaders at all levels are tested to be adaptive to unpredictable conditions, including the media business which is also affected by the effects of the pandemic. The leaders of female countries have shown good performance, as evidenced by the number of countries they lead that have succeeded in reducing the number of Covid-19 transmissions. Women leaders are considered to be more responsive and quick. Even so, how the experiences of women leaders at other leadership levels have not been well covered in any media. So this study will try to understand the experiences of female media leaders during the pandemic in 2020 as well as the initial steps for crisis management. This study uses a critical paradigm with a descriptive approach. The theory used is Standpoint Theory developed by Sandra Harding and Julia T. Wood and Crisis Management. This theory seeks to understand the world through women's eyes. The method used is critical phenomenology. The results showed that women as media leaders act quickly, utilize technology, and adapt business processes. Apart from that, it puts forward four crisis management steps in its implementation.

Standpoint Epistemology and Nursing Science

In this article, I propose that engagement in nursing practice affords an epistemic advantage and should be included in defining nursing science and as a warrant for scientific knowledge. I appeal to standpoint epistemology, a philosophical theory, to support my proposal. A new conception of objectivity, which aligns with the contemporary practice of science and standpoint theory, is discussed. The article presents a preliminary theory of nursing standpoint theory that explains epistemic advantage of a practicing nurse. Open questions about nursing science conclude the article.

Working at the Edges of Institutions During their Transformations

In the 2020 Prague Virtual Conference of the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), Sharon Traweek was awarded the society’s John D. Bernal Prize jointly with Langdon Winner. The Bernal Prize is awarded annually to individuals who have made distinguished contributions to the field of STS. Prize recipients include founders of the field of STS, along with outstanding scholars who have devoted their careers to the understanding of the social dimensions of science and technology. This essay is a commentary on Traweek’s work from the perspective of Sandra Harding with respect to their shared backdrop of the science wars, the value of standpoint theory and of Traweek’s ‘meshworks,’ and their work in different non-US/European STS contexts.

Subordinasi dan Sudut Pandang Perempuan Suku Malind Marga Mahuze dalam Film the Mahuzes (2015): a Feminist Standpoint Theory

Documentary films are one of the most suitable media to be used as a reference in seeing reality. Like the reality of subordination and women's point of view in The Mahuzes. In general, this film tells the story of the conflict that occurred between the Malind clan Mahuze in Merauke and corporations that entered their territory through the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) program, besides that there were horizontal conflicts between tribal members. This study aims to analyze the form of subordination and women's point of view seeing the problems of indigenous peoples dealing with corporations which are shown by the documentary film The Mahuzes in the perspective of Feminist Standpoint Theory. This study uses a qualitative approach and a critical paradigm by collecting data from various relevant sources. Events involving or relating to women were analyzed using three basic concepts of Feminist Standpoint Theory, namely standpoint, situated knowledge, and sexual division of labour. The results of the study indicate that women in The Mahuzes are a marginalized group, forced to take responsibility for the domestic space, and are limited to take part in the public sphere. Even so, they have a broad and comprehensive perspective in viewing horizontal conflicts between clan members and vertically between clans and corporations. Keywords: Subordinate; Feminist Standpoint; MIFEE; The Mahuze Abstrak: Film dokumenter menjadi salah satu media yang paling sesuai untuk dijadikan sebagai rujukan dalam melihat realitas. Seperti realitas subordinasi dan sudut pandang perempuan dalam The Mahuzes. Film ini, secara garis besar berkisah tentang konflik yang terjadi antara suku Malind marga Mahuze di Merauke dengan korporasi yang masuk ke wilayah mereka melalui program Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE), selain itu terdapat konflik horizontal antar anggota suku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk subordinasi dan sudut pandang perempuan melihat permasalahan masyarakat adat berhadapan dengan korporasi yang ditampilkan oleh film dokumenter The Mahuzes dalam perspektif Feminist Standpoint Theory. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan paradigma kritis dengan mengumpulkan data dari berbagai sumber yang relevan. Agedan-agedan yang melibatkan atau berkaitan dengan perempuan dianalisis dengan menggunakan tiga konsep dasar Feminist Standpoint Theory, yaitu standpoint, situated knowledge, dan sexual division of labour. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, perempuan dalam The Mahuzes merupakan kelompok yang terpinggirkan, dipaksa untuk bertanggung jawab pada ruang domestik, dan terbatas untuk berkiprah di ruang publik. Meskipun begitu, mereka memiliki sudut pandang yang luas dan menyeluruh dalam melihat konflik horizontal antar anggota marga maupun vertikal antara marga dan korporasi. Kata kunci: Subordinasi; Feminist Standpoint; MIFEE; The Mahuze

Strengths-Based Approaches to Conducting Research With Low-Income and Other Marginalized Populations

As researchers, providers, and policymakers strive to make their work more inclusive, it is important to move beyond simply paying more attention to “understudied” groups. Along with calls for more research, there should be equally vigorous calls to move beyond stigmatizing, deficits-based approaches and instead develop respectful, strengths-based lenses. One challenge is the lack of published guidance about how to interact professionally with marginalized populations. Guided by standpoint theory, I share my experiences and recommendations for working with marginalized populations, focusing especially on working with people from low-income and working-class communities. Everyone has a standpoint that is shaped by multiple characteristics, and for many people these will include some privileged and some disadvantaged characteristics. However, even for well-intentioned people, it can be challenging to look beyond one’s socialization and to recognize that personal characteristics, in and of themselves, cannot confer goodness on a person, only privilege. The following recommendations are explored in more detail in the chapter: researchers are encouraged to recognize one’s perspective (reflexivity), avoid setting up studies that inadvertently reflect academic culture, offer incentives that convey respect for people’s time and expertise in their own lives, ensure measures are written in straightforward (not academic) language, include or create measures that explore the strengths of marginalized groups, and disseminate work to communities, not just fellow researchers. Researchers, students, editors, reviewers, and policymakers should be aware of best practices in this area.

Caught In-Between: Diversifying Tamil Women’s Voices From the Sri Lankan Civil War

This is an autoethnographic invitation to make space for different standpoints of women caught in war. This multi-genre project reflects on the standpoint of the author’s family as a female-led, female-only household in the capital of Sri Lanka amid the civil war. Grounded on the concept of ethnicity without groups and feminist standpoint theory, this piece adds to the often-homogenized voices of Tamil women. Using integrated crystallization to challenge the dichotomy of art and science, this layered piece weaves together storytelling and theory-based critique to open conversations about wholesome representation. The stories reveal the multichrome nature of ethnicities that often get painted as monochromes. The analyses highlight the intersectionality of women’s position and sound the alarm for possible marginalization within the marginalized through a unidimensional expression. The author invites more voices to diversify the standpoints of women caught in the Sri Lankan civil war and contribute to a more comprehensive reality of their experiences.

Analisis Resepsi Objektifikasi Seksual Dalam Tayangan Puteri Indonesia 2020

Rejection and support are present in the implementation of the Puteri Indonesia beauty contest. There were rejections from feminists and religious organizations regarding the issue of sexual objectification. On the other hand, support is present through the enthusiasm of the community, one of which is through the acquisition of high ratings in the Puteri Indonesia 2020 show. The reality of the support and popularity of beauty contests behind sexual objectification has become a research problem. Based on the situation, this study aims to determine the audiences' reception towards the sexual objectification of contestants in the Puteri Indonesia 2020 program. This study involved eight informants who had watched the Puteri Indonesia 2020 show. Based on the research results, the audience's meaning system functioned theoretically to develop concepts from Standpoint Theory and Reception Theory. The study results apply the concept of Standpoint Theory, such as a standpoint of the dominant group, the interests of the dominant group, and situated knowledge that is useful for explaining the phenomenon of sexual objectification in the Puteri Indonesia 2020 show. The concept of the Reception Theory shows the audience's active role through a meaning system of 8 informants based on 10 preferred readings, which resulted in 3 positions of meaning, such as dominant, negotiation, and opposition. The majority of the meanings of the eight informants are in a dominant position. 4 Female informants showed 18 dominant meanings, 12 negotiations, and 10 oppositions. Meanwhile, 4 male informants showed 22 dominant meanings, 17 negotiations, and 1 opposition. The research results add to reception studies for established program genres. In this case, the Puteri Indonesia contest has proven existence until 2020 that successfully held and broadcast on national television stations 25 times.Keywords: beauty pageant; preferred reading; Puteri Indonesia; reception analysis; sexual objectification Abstrak Penolakan dan dukungan hadir dalam penyelenggaraan kontes kecantikan Puteri Indonesia. Penolakan hadir dari para feminis dan organisasi agama terkait isu objektifikasi seksual. Di sisi lain, dukungan hadir melalui antusiasme masyarakat, salah satunya terlihat melalui perolehan rating tinggi dalam penayangan acara Puteri Indonesia 2020. Realita berupa dukungan dan kepopuleran kontes kecantikan di balik isu objektifikasi seksual menjadi permasalahan penelitian. Untuk itu, studi resepsi digunakan untuk mengetahui pandangan khalayak terkait objektifikasi seksual dalam kontes Puteri Indonesia 2020. Penelitian ini melibatkan 8 informan yang telah menyaksikan acara Puteri Indonesia 2020. Sistem pemaknaan khalayak berdasarkan hasil penelitian berfungsi secara teoritis mengembangkan konsep dari Teori Standpoint dan Teori Resepsi. Hasil penelitian menerapkan konsep Teori Standpoint yaitu, sudut pandang kelompok berkuasa, kepentingan kelompok berkuasa, dan pengetahuan tersituasi yang berguna untuk menjelaskan fenomena objektifikasi seksual dalam tayangan Puteri Indonesia 2020. Konsep dari Teori Resepsi menunjukkan peran aktif khalayak melalui sistem pemaknaan 8 informan berdasarkan 10 preferred reading yang menghasilkan 3 posisi pemaknaan yaitu: dominan, negosiasi, dan oposisi. Mayoritas pemaknaan 8 informan berada dalam posisi dominan. 4 Informan perempuan menunjukkan 18 makna dominan, 12 negosiasi, dan 10 oposisi. Sedangkan, 4 Informan laki-laki menunjukkan 22 makna dominan, 17 negosiasi, dan 1 oposisi. Hasil penelitian menambah studi resepsi pada genre program mapan. Dalam hal ini, kontes Puteri Indonesia membuktikan eksistensinya hingga tahun 2020 telah berhasil diselenggarakan dan ditayangkan di stasiun televisi nasional sebanyak 25 kali. Kata Kunci: analisis resepsi; kontes kecantikan; objektifikasi seksual; preferred reading; Puteri Indonesia

Indigenous standpoint theory as a theoretical framework for decolonizing social science health research with American Indian communities

Theoretical frameworks rooted in Western knowledge claims utilized for public health research in the social sciences are not inclusive of American Indian communities. Developed by Indigenous researchers, Indigenous standpoint theory builds from and moves beyond Western theoretical frameworks. We argue that using Indigenous standpoint theory in partnership with American Indian communities works to decolonize research related to American Indian health in the social sciences and combats the effects of colonization in three ways. First, Indigenous standpoint theory aids in interpreting how the intersections unique to American Indians including the effects of colonization, tribal and other identities, and cultural context are linked to structural inequalities for American Indian communities. Second, Indigenous standpoint theory integrates Indigenous ways of knowing with Western research orientations and methodologies in a collaborative process that works to decolonize social science research for American Indians. Third, Indigenous standpoint theory promotes direct application of research benefits to American Indian communities.