Competition Laws and Regulations For a Digital Industry Platform

During the last two decades, several nations have enacted or reinforced competition legislation. In most countries, at the same time, indigenous sectors are under ever-greater import demand. Towards an analysis, to monitor over time and the presence of imports and the number of domestic companies, on the influence of competitive legislation and rules (CLR) on the domestic competition for several nations. To see the direct impact of the Competition Law on competitiveness as industries with more import exposure or bigger local businesses are tending to be more competitive. However, it should be concluded that industries operating under competition legislation tend to have more domestic companies. This implies that by stimulating entrance, competition legislation may have an indirect influence on domestic competition. In terms of the function of government in industrial growth and the position of the public and private sector in country industrialization, the comparative role for small and big industries, an industrial policy may be described as the declaration of importance. It is essential to introduce new laws and regulations to encourage competition and constrain large industries. The problems of Industry 4.0 will be met through digitalization and automation. The vast amount of data produced on the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) must be collected, understood, and used. This is precisely what the digital company does by integrating the real world with the digital world. Therefore, the endless quantity of data enables the industry to make the CLR-IIOT technique more sustainable by employing final resources efficiently. Competition results in greater economic dynamic efficiency through innovation, technical advancement, reduced prices, and improved quality and customer service. Competition legislation is necessary since the market may be affected by faults and distortions, and diverse consumers may have recourse to anti-competitive actions such as cartels, abuse of predomination, etc.

Research on Services Decision-Making in Closed-Loop Supply Chain Dominated by a Logistics Provider

In this paper, we assume that a closed-loop supply chain consists of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) producing new products from raw materials, a remanufacturer producing re-manufactured products from used items directly collected from customers and a logistics provider which sells and distributes two products as a monopolist in the given market. By constructing game model in which logistics provider is a leader, OEM and remanufacturer are the equal status followers, we solve chain members’ optimal services decision-making. Finally, we analyze influence of service elasticities and intensities of service competition of two manufacturers on members’ equilibrium decision-making.

Distribution Service Competition with the Consideration of Different Consumer Behaviors

Logistics distribution plays an important role in the operation of e-commerce firms. This paper considers two logistics distribution modes with service competition: the e-commerce platform self-distribution (SDL) mode and third-party logistics (TPL) mode. By introducing consumer behavior into the model, we examine the competition between two firms with the same functionalities in the context of e-commerce. According to the real scene, we build the corresponding mathematical optimization model. Each firm needs to decide a logistics distribution mode and a corresponding price for the selected logistics mode. We first analyze the two firms chosen logistics modes and prices simultaneously and then extend it to Stackelberg game situation. We find out the optimal strategy for two firms. Finally, we propose numerical analysis to identify our models and provide a series of managerial insights.

Price and Service Competition in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain with Product Customization

This paper considers a dual-channel supply chain with product customization. One manufacturer and one retailer are involved. The online direct sales channel sells standard and customized products, and the offline retail channel sells standard products. The prices and service levels of products sold via different channels are differentiated, and the customization level which influences the customization cost and choices of customers is decided by the manufacturer. Three game models are proposed: the manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) model, the retailer Stackelberg (RS) model, and the Nash game model. The price and service decisions of the players are derived. Meanwhile, a service-cost-sharing contract is designed for the MS model. The impacts of price and service competition, service cost, and customers sensitivity to the customization level on the optimal decisions are investigated. Through the numerical analysis, we find that, among the three models, the manufacturer Stackelberg model is the most beneficial game structure for the overall supply chain but has the largest revenue gap between the two members. Second, under price competition and service competition, the manufacturer should differentiate the prices and services for direct sales standard products and customized products according to his market status. Third, the manufacturer should increase customization expenditures to construct his customization production line and provide more diversified products when consumers are more sensitive to product customization.

Operation Strategies Based on Horizontal Competition and Service Capability Sharing under Demand Disturbance

The article considers the influence of demand disturbance on price, service capability, and operation mode selection of firms. Firstly, we discuss the equilibrium pricing and service capability strategy of the firm under three operation modes: price and service competition, price competition and service capability sharing, and price and service centralized making-decision. When there is demand disruption, firms determine their pricing and service capacity strategies under the three main operating models above. Finally, the comparative analysis shows that the influence of service capability in centralized decision price and service capability mode is greater than that on service capability in price competition and service capability sharing mode. The smoothness of service capability in price competition and service capability sharing mode is better than that in the centralized decision mode. And when the market price competition coefficient is moderate or the negative demand disturbance occurs, the price competition and service capability sharing mode has little influence on the profit compared with the other two modes (the profit loss is the smallest).

THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF TRADE SERVICES: THE ESSENCE AND RELATIONSHIP OF CONCEPTS

Purpose. The aim of the article is generalization of theoretical provisions on the nature, level and quality of trade services to consumers, identification of the content relationship between them and the role in meeting market demands of the population. Methodology of research. The following research methods were used to achieve this goal: theoretical analysis, abstract and logical – to reveal the essence of trade services, its level and quality; interpretations and comparisons – to determine the relationship and interaction of the concepts of “level” and “quality” of trade services; graphical – to visualize the classification of indicators for assessing the quality of trade services. Findings. It is established that trade service in modern conditions together with quality of the goods offered to consumers is an element of maintenance of competitive advantages of the trading enterprises. This is due to the growing demands of consumers not only to the consumer characteristics of goods, but also related to their sale of trade services. It is substantiated that the concepts of “level of trade service” and “quality of trade service” are not identical concepts. The first of them reflects a set of elements of providing consumers with a variety of services to create a comfortable environment for the purchase of goods and reflects the situation “present or absent” a specific element of trade services. The second is the degree of compliance of the level of trade service with the expectations and needs of consumers, which can be quantified. Originality. The substantiation of the essence, content and correlation of the concepts “the level of trade service” and “quality of trade service”, their influence on the competitiveness of trade enterprises was further developed. Practical value. Substantiated research results can be used by commercial enterprises to assess the effectiveness of their activities in terms of ensuring a higher level and quality of trade services on the basis of these elements and indicators. Key words: trade enterprise, trade service, level of trade service, quality of trade service, competition.

Constructing a model of "professionalism" for professional vocational businesses: Using labour and social security attorneys as a reference

The legal profession In Japan has seen vast expansion over the last 20 years, with more than 40,000 legal professionals now practicing. This is a direct result of the establishment of a law school system and the expansion of the quote for admissions. This increase has also given rise to an increased competition for services of lawyers and law-related professionals in Japan. Professor Kota Fukui is leading a team of researchers based within the Graduate School of Law and Politics at Osaka University, investigating means of ensuring that service competition between lawyers and law-related professionals remains favourable to users. The findings will benefit users of these service providers, specifically corporate executives.