scholarly journals Airbnb Host Scaling, Seasonal Patterns, and Competition

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Ruggero Sainaghi ◽  
Rodolfo Baggio
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Information ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Scaling Effect ◽  
Business Travelers ◽  
Explorative Study ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The City

This paper explores the scaling (size) effect in the seasonal patterns, a proxy for competitive threats, of Airbnb’s host providers, with the aim of understanding possible similarities and differences. This explorative study uses the city of Milan (Italy) as a case and daily occupancy data from Airbnb listings for four completed years (2015–2018). A mutual information-based technique was applied to assess possible synchronizations in the seasonal patterns. Empirical findings show progressive dissimilarities when moving from single to multiple listings, thus indicating a differentiation correlated to the presence of managed listings. There are fewer differences during the seasonal periods more centered around leisure clients and they are higher when considering business travelers. The evidence supports the scaling effect and its ability to reduce the competitive threat among different hosts.

Seasonal Variation of Suicide in the City of São Paulo, Brazil, 1996–2010

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hideki Bando ◽  
Fernando Madalena Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
June July ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Background: In light of the few reports from intertropical latitudes and their conflicting results, we aimed to replicate and update the investigation of seasonal patterns of suicide occurrences in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Data relating to male and female suicides were extracted from the Mortality Information Enhancement Program (PRO-AIM), the official health statistics of the municipality of São Paulo. Seasonality was assessed by studying distribution of suicides over time using cosinor analyses. Results: There were 6,916 registered suicides (76.7% men), with an average of 39.0 ± 7.0 observed suicides per month. For the total sample and for both sexes, cosinor analysis estimated a significant seasonal pattern. For the total sample and for males suicide peaked in November (late spring) with a trough in May–June (late autumn). For females, the estimated peak occurred in January, and the trough in June–July. Conclusions: A seasonal pattern of suicides was found for both males and females, peaking in spring/summer and dipping in fall/winter. The scarcity of reports from intertropical latitudes warrants promoting more studies in this area.

Are mom-and-pop and professional hosts actually competing against hotels?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruggero Sainaghi ◽  
Rodolfo Baggio
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Information ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rhythmic Behavior ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
Information Metric ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to examine the question of whether commercial, peer-to-peer accommodation platforms (Airbnb, in particular) and hotels are in fierce competition with each other with the possible presence of substitution threats, and compares the time series of the occupancy values across two supplier types. Design/methodology/approach The cities of Milan and Rome are used as case studies for this analysis. To assess the extent of synchronization, the series of Airbnb and hotels are transformed into a series of symbols that render their rhythmic behavior, and a mutual information metric is used to measure the effect. Findings The results show that Airbnb hosts and hotels have different seasonal patterns. The diverse occupancy trends support the absence of direct competition between Airbnb and hotels. The findings are consistent in the two analyzed cities (Milan and Rome). Interestingly, there are higher similarities between seasonal occupancy series of Airbnb listings in Milan and Rome, on one side, and hotels in Milan and Rome, on the other, than between Airbnb and hotels in the same city. Research limitations/implications The findings show a progressive de-synchronization (within mutual information) among the five groups of Airbnb hosts triggered by the rising professionalization degree. This result suggests the existence of a partial different business model for multi-listing hosts. Practical implications The study illustrates an absence of any substitution threat between Airbnb and hotels in both cities. This could have important consequences, especially for the pricing and revenue management policy. In fact, the higher the substitution threat, the higher the attention that Airbnb entrepreneurs should pay to the pricing strategy implemented by hotels, and vice versa. Originality/value This study sheds new light on the competition threat between Airbnb and hotels. In this study, hotels and Airbnb hosts appear as two very separate markets.

scholarly journals THE EMERGENCE AND IMPACT OF MONEY IN GREECE AND LIFE BACK THEN

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
Haifa Abdul Rahman AL SHAAFI
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The City ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Greek Civilization

The Greek civilization is one of the basic elements of the so-called civilization conflict in ancient times, and history has preserved the echo of that conflict, but historians have been limited to describing and evaluating the conflict without focusing on the role of money in managing the movement of the conflict, which had an influential nature in the politics of Greece in general , especially after Macedonia entered the line of conflict and took control of the city of Krindes at the foot of Mount Pangios, which is distinguished by its richness of gold, as it made it richer than the rest of the Greek states,Philip took out from it thousands of gold every year, which enabled him to bribe the opposition politicians, and this is where the researchs' importance is marked with the emergence of money in the Greek countries and its impact on life back then. Based on this importance, the reason for choosing this particular topic is of the axes of the historical review conference - Ancient history- as the study aims to find similarities and differences between the money spread in that period since this topic was studied according to the historical method.

scholarly journals Similarities and differences between segetal flora of Siedlce and arable lands of the Siedlce Upland

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-165
Author(s):  
Janina Skrzyczyńska ◽  
Jolanta Marcinik
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Helianthus Tuberosus ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Urban Flora ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The City ◽  
Nigella Damascena ◽  
Segetal Flora

Attempt of comparative analysis of the segetal flora of Siedlce City with similar flora of areas of arable lands of the Siedlce Upland is presented in the paper. Received results show the larger value for urban flora of apophitysm coefficient - 63,3% (61% for Upland), flora modernization - 0,52 (0,42 for Upland) and flora lability - 19 (15 for Upland). On the other hand segetal flora of the Siedlce Upland is characterised by larger synanthropization coefficient - 104 (93 for the city). As to other differences, considerable larger participation of perennial species in the flora of the city (45,5% Siedlce; 37,1% Upland) is noteworthy. Moreover the occurrence of juvenile forms of arborescent species and plants running wild from gardens and parks, e.g.: <i>Mathiola incana, Aesculus hippocastanus, Sedum reflexum, Nigella damascena, Helianthus tuberosus</i> among species weeding urban cultivation is clearly noticeable.

Giving the Public Due Notice in Song China and Renaissance Rome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Ebrey ◽  
Margaret Meserve
Keyword(s):  
Common People ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The City

This chapter explores the similarities and differences in methods of conveying information to common people in two societies where printing was coming into greater use — the huge agrarian empire of Song China (tenth to thirteen centuries) and the city of Renaissance Rome (fourteenth to fifteenth centuries). The Song material is strongest on the bureaucratic reasons for posting notices and the language used in them. Authors preserved hundreds of notices, probably seeing in them proof of their serious commitment to promoting the welfare of the people under them. The sources for notice-posting in Renaissance Rome are fuller on the practices associated with circulating notices throughout the city on church doors both by the papacy and by its critics, who sometimes posted satirical or contemptuous notices at the same sites. The posting of notices in Renaissance Rome was a bureaucratic practice that had strong ritualistic overtones, was often highly politicized, and therefore could easily be subverted by critics of the regime.

Views of the city in French sci-fi comics and graphic novels

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Spalding ◽  
Nicholas Romine
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Graphic Novels ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The City

This article looks at important French comics and graphic novels from the small but highly influential tradition of French science fiction in order to assess their distinctive formal and narrative contributions to the genre. Taking cues from theoretical definitions of bandes dessinées formulated by Thierry Groenstein and Thierry Smolderen, it identifies specific ways two major works, Futuropolis and L’Incal, reshaped the narrative range and scope of French sci-fi comics and graphic novels and recast their artistic possibilities. We also draw comparisons to Valérian et Laureline. The ways in which cityscapes are depicted in each serve as the privileged focus for measuring the similarities and differences among these works, both ideologically and formalistically.

scholarly journals Climate and Health in Buenos Aires: A Review on Climate Impact on Human Health Studies Between 1995 and 2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Fontan ◽  
Matilde Rusticucci
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Climate And Health ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

In this review, seven pieces of research on climate variability and its impact on human health in Buenos Aires City between 1995 and 2015 were evaluated. The review highlighted continuities and ruptures in the methodology, variables, and statistics data of the research, considering their similarities and differences in the period of study and the methodology applied. Contributions, pending issues, and public policies on climate change challenges in the city aimed at improving living conditions were considered. Six studies contributed evidence on the relationship between climate and health and its impacts on the population; two studies suggested the development of early warning systems and one study is a preliminary approach.

scholarly journals The Dystopian Transformation of Urban Space in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-123
Author(s):  
Raluca Moldovan
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
The City

AbstractThe present contribution examines the representation of the city in Margaret Atwood’s 1985 dystopian novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, with the aim of uncovering how the urban space is transformed and repurposed in order to uphold the ideological pillars of the theocratic regime described in the book. The urban space depicted in the book, which the reader sees through the eyes of the protagonist and narrator Offred, is built upon the contrasting image of “everything looks the same” versus “everything is fundamentally different.” Inspired by the Puritan colonies of 17th-century New England, the Republic of Gilead, in a manner similar to many reallife totalitarian regimes throughout history, remodels the urban space in such a way as to correspond to its worldview and help maintain its hold on power. The first part of the article examines how this is done in the novel itself (also making brief references to the representation of the city in the 2019 sequel to The Handmaid’s Tale, entitled The Testaments) while the second part discusses how the city is portrayed in the 2017 TV series adaptation of the novel in order to highlight similarities and differences between the literary and televised versions.

The Similarities and Differences of Migraine with Aura and Migraine Without Aura: A Preliminary Study

Cephalalgia ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ranson ◽  
H Igarashi ◽  
EA MacGregor ◽  
M Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Migraine Attack ◽  
Migraine With Aura ◽  
Migraine Without Aura ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City

A preliminary study was undertaken to provide clinical evidence to support the hypothesis that: “Migraine with aura, migraine without aura and aura alone are the same condition, which differ in degree rather than pathophysiology.” At the City of London Migraine Clinic, 50 patients consecutively attending the clinic with a past or present history of migraine with aura were questioned. Of the 50 patients questioned 36 (70%) had a combination of migraine with aura, migraine without aura and/or aura alone; i.e. 70% had had more than one type of migraine attack. The duration, severity and frequency of attacks did not differ between migraine with and migraine without aura. Conclusion-the results support the hypothesis that migraine with and migraine without aura, and aura alone are not separate conditions, because: (1) most patients suffer from more than one type of migraine attack; (2) there are no significant differences in the characteristics of the migraine attacks in the different groups; (3) there are no significant differences in the characteristics of the subjects.

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